Civil
Rights &
Black
Power
Created by
Mr. Johnson
1945-1970
Mr. Johnson
U.S. History
African American medalists,
1968 Olympics
Objective
• 11.02 – Trace major events in the
civil rights movement and
evaluate its impact.
Major Concepts & Key Terms
• The Civil Rights Movement
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De jure segregation
De facto segregation
Affirmative action
Turning points
• Changes in State & Federal
Legislation
• Executive Actions
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Truman
Eisenhower
Kennedy
Johnson
Black Power movement
Montgomery bus boycotts
Rosa Parks
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Malcolm X
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Black Panthers
Stokely Carmichael
CORE
SNCC
March on Washington
James Meredith
Little Rock Nine
George Wallace
Brown v. Board of Education of
Topeka, Kansas, 1954
Thurgood Marshall
Earl Warren
24th Amendment
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Cracks in
Jim Crow’s
Armor
Origin of Jim Crow
• Thomas D. Rice’s
minstrel shows
• “The Happy Slave”
Jim Crow Laws
• Segregation (Plessy
decision)
• Disfranchisement
– Poll Tax
– Literacy Test
– Grandfather Clause
Executive Actions: FDR
• Executive Order 8802
• No racial
discrimination by
government
contractors
– Strikes and
demonstrations
– War industry
Executive Actions: Truman
• Committee on Civil
Rights, 1946
– Recommendations
• Truman’s executive
orders
– Banned discrimination
in hiring of federal
employees
– Integration of the
Armed Forces
Integration of the Armed Forces
Dixiecrats
• “States Rights
Democratic Party”
• Strom Thurmond
• Abandoned Truman
in the 1948 election
b/c of civil rights
Election of 1948
Jackie Robinson, 1947
• Signed by Branch
Rickey in 1947
• Broke the color line in
baseball
• Achievements
– Rookie of the Year, 1947
– .311 career batting
average
– Six All-Star games
Jackie Robinson, 1947
School
Integration:
The Fight
in Court
Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896
• Separate but
Equal decision
• Legalized
segregation
Segregation
• 14th Amendment – “equal protection”
• De jure segregation
– segregation “by law”
– common in south
• De facto segregation
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segregation “as a matter of fact”
common in north & south
often achieved by intimidation
continues today
School Segregation Laws
Terminology
Desegregation =
Integration
Thurgood Marshall
• NAACP
Legal
Defense
Fund
– Thurgood
Marshall
(national
coordinator)
– Oliver Hill
(Virginia)
McLaurin v. Oklahoma B.O.R., 1950
• McLaurin, retired
professor
• Oklahoma
University School
of Education
– Side desk
– Not allowed to
“mingle”
• Supreme Court
rules that
conditions impair
education
McLaurin v. Oklahoma B.O.R., 1950
Sweatt v. Painter, 1950
• Hemon Sweatt was denied
admission to University of Texas
Law School
• Sent to separate black law school
– Staff
– Library
– Students
• LDF targeted Supreme Court’s
knowledge of quality legal training
• Court ruled in Sweatt’s favor
Elementary & Secondary Schools
Davis v. Pr. Edward County VA, 1952
• Challenged segregation
in Virginia
• Was one of four cases
that became Brown v.
Board
• Virginia NAACP
lawyer Oliver Hill
Brown v. Board of Education, 1954
• Topeka, Kansas
• Parents
challenged the
segregated school
system
The Doll Test
• Black children
selected the
white doll as
“good” and
“smart” and
“pretty”
• Demonstrated
psychological
impact of
segregation
Warren Court’s Unanimous Decision
Brown v. Board of Education, 1954
• 14th Amendment
• Topeka, Kansas
– Separate is not equal
– Overturned Plessy
– Ordered nationwide
integration
• Landmark case
Brown v. Board of Education, 1954
“Massive
Resistance”
Slow Pace
• Brown decision
• “All deliberate
speed”
• Significant
integration did
not begin until
mid/late 1960s
Resistance to Brown in Virginia
• Led by Harry Byrd,
segregationist
politician
• Some public schools
in Virginia closed
down from 1959-1964
rather than integrate
black students
Confederate Flag
• Resurrected
symbol of
the Civil
War
• Resistance to
integration
The Little Rock Nine, 1957
Eisenhower
James Meredith, 1961
JFK
George Wallace
• “States’ rights”
• “Segregation now,
segregation
tomorrow, and
segregation forever!”
• Alabama governor
• Presidential
candidate
George Wallace’s Stand, 1963
White Flight
• New private &
religious schools
• Separate
neighborhoods –
suburbia
• Resegregation
The
People’s
Movement
Bob Dylan
Come gather 'round people
Wherever you roam
And admit that the waters
Around you have grown
And accept it that soon
You'll be drenched to the bone.
If your time to you
Is worth savin'
Then you better start swimmin'
Or you'll sink like a stone
For the times they are a-changin'.
Bob Dylan
Come writers and critics
Who prophesize with your pen
And keep your eyes wide
The chance won't come again
And don't speak too soon
For the wheel's still in spin
And there's no tellin' who
That it's namin'.
For the loser now
Will be later to win
For the times they are a-changin'.
Bob Dylan
Come senators, congressmen
Please heed the call
Don't stand in the doorway
Don't block up the hall
For he that gets hurt
Will be he who has stalled
There's a battle outside
And it is ragin'.
It'll soon shake your windows
And rattle your walls
For the times they are a-changin'.
Bob Dylan
Come mothers and fathers
Throughout the land
And don't criticize
What you can't understand
Your sons and your daughters
Are beyond your command
Your old road is
Rapidly agin'.
Please get out of the new one
If you can't lend your hand
For the times they are a-changin'.
Bob Dylan
The line it is drawn
The curse it is cast
The slow one now
Will later be fast
As the present now
Will later be past
The order is
Rapidly fadin'.
And the first one now
Will later be last
For the times they are a-changin'.
Organizations
• NAACP – National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People
• CORE – Congress of Racial Equality
• SNCC – Student Nonviolent Coordinating
Committee
• SCLC – Southern Christian Leadership
Conference
Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955
• Beginning of
civil rights
movement
• Economic
pressure
Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955
Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955
Nonviolent Resistance
Sit-In Movement, 1960
Freedom Rides, 1961
Freedom Rides, 1961
Birmingham, 1963
Birmingham, 1963
March on Washington, 1963
“I Have a Dream”
Text, Video & Audio
of the Address
Civil Rights Act of 1964
1)
Same requirements for black
& white voters
2) Prohibits discrimination in
public accommodations
3) Withholding of federal funds
from discriminatory
programs and businesses
4) Bans discrimination based on
race, sex, religion and
national origin by employers
& unions; creates EEOC
Filibuster
• Southern Democrats
• Robert C. Byrd (WV)
– Former Klansman
– 14 hour speech
– Still in Congress today!!!
The Act Becomes Law
Voting Rights Act of 1965
• Federal officials
may register
voters when local
offices block
African
Americans
– Eliminated
literacy tests
24th Amendment, 1964
• Eliminated poll
tax
The Young
Radicals
“Harlem” – Langston Hughes
What happens to a dream deferred?
Does it dry up
Like a raisin in the sun?
Or fester like a sore-And then run?
Does it stink like rotten meat?
Or crust and sugar over-like a syrupy sweet?
Maybe it just sags
like a heavy load.
Or does it explode?
Gil Scott-Heron
“The Revolution
Will Not be
Televised”
Gil Scott-Heron
You will not be able to stay home, brother.
You will not be able to plug in, turn on and cop out.
You will not be able to lose yourself on skag [heroin]
and skip out for beer during commercials,
Because the revolution will not be televised.
Gil Scott-Heron
The revolution will not be televised.
The revolution will not be brought to you by Xerox in 4
parts without commercial interruptions.
The revolution will not show you pictures of Nixon
blowing a bugle and leading a charge by John Mitchell,
General Abrams and Spiro Agnew to eat hog maws
confiscated from a Harlem sanctuary.
The revolution will not be televised.
Gil Scott-Heron
The revolution will not be brought to you by the
Schaefer Award Theatre and will not star Natalie
Woods and Steve McQueen or Bullwinkle and Julia.
The revolution will not give your mouth sex appeal.
The revolution will not get rid of the nubs.
The revolution will not make you look five pounds
thinner, because the revolution will not be televised,
Brother.
Gil Scott-Heron
There will be no pictures of you and Willie May pushing
that shopping cart down the block on the dead run, or
trying to slide that color television into a stolen
ambulance.
NBC will not be able predict the winner at 8:32 or report
from 29 districts.
The revolution will not be televised.
Gil Scott-Heron
There will be no pictures of pigs [police] shooting down
brothers in the instant replay.
There will be no pictures of pigs shooting down brothers
in the instant replay.
There will be no pictures of Whitney Young [civil rights
activist] being run out of Harlem on a rail with a brand
new process.
There will be no slow motion or still life of Roy Wilkins
[civil rights activist] strolling through Watts in a Red,
Black and Green liberation jumpsuit that he had been
saving for just the proper occasion.
Gil Scott-Heron
Green Acres, The Beverly Hillbillies, and Hooterville
Junction will no longer be so damned relevant,
and women will not care if Dick finally gets down with
Jane on Search for Tomorrow because
Black people will be in the street looking for a brighter
day.
The revolution will not be televised.
Gil Scott-Heron
There will be no highlights on the eleven o'clock news
and no pictures of hairy armed women liberationists and
Jackie Onassis [JFK’s widow] blowing her nose.
The theme song will not be written by Jim Webb or
Francis Scott Key, nor sung by Glen Campbell, Tom
Jones, Johnny Cash, Englebert Humperdink, or the Rare
Earth [white musicians].
Gil Scott-Heron
The revolution will not be right back after a message
about a white tornado, white lightning, or white people.
You will not have to worry about the dove in your
bedroom, the tiger in your tank, or the giant in your
toilet bowl.
The revolution will not go better with Coke.
The revolution will not fight the germs that may cause
bad breath.
The revolution will put you in the driver's seat.
Gil Scott-Heron
The revolution will not be televised,
will not be televised,
will not be televised,
will not be televised.
The revolution will be no re-run brothers;
The revolution will be live.
Nation of Islam
Malcolm X
• Black Nationalism
• Break with Nation of
Islam, 1964
– Kennedy assassination
comments
– Muhammad’s
illegitimate children
• “The Ballot or the
Bullet” audio
Malcolm X
• Hajj & conversion to
orthodox Islam, 1964
• New message
March Against Fear, 1966
• James Meredith
• Solitary march from
Memphis, TN to Jackson,
Mississippi
• Wounded by sniper
• March was continued by
others, including Stokely
Carmichael
March Against Fear, 1966
Stokely Carmichael
“Black Power”
• “We are oppressed because
we are black. And in
order to get out of that
oppression [we] must
wield… group power”
• Text & audio of speech
Black Panther Party, 1966
• Bobby Seale & Huey
Newton
• Oakland, CA
Black Panther Party, 1966
Back to
Court
Loving v. Virginia, 1967
• Court struck
down “antimiscegenation”
laws
• Legalized
interracial
marriage
Swann v. Charlotte-Meck B.O.E., 1971
• Implementation of
Brown decision
• City-wide busing
may be used to
integrate schools
Regents of Univ. of Cal. v. Bakke, 1978
• Challenged affirmative
action admission policy
• Split decision by the court
– Admitted Bakke
– Prohibited quotas
– Sanctioned affirmative
action
A Decade of
Assassinations
Medgar Evers, 1963
John F. Kennedy, 1963
LBJ Takes Office
Lee Harvey Oswald, 1963
Malcolm X, 1965
Martin Luther King, 1968
Robert F. Kennedy, 1968
The End of
an Era
Contributions
Civil Rights/
Integration
Black Power/Black
Nationalism
• Legislation
• Cooperation
• Psychological
• Pressure on
government & more
moderate civil rights
organizations
“Southern Strategy” & “Law & Order”
1964 Election: South Goes Republican
Nixon’s Electoral Victories
1968 Election
1972 Election
Gil Scott-Heron
“Winter in
America” +
lyrics
Inspiration
Government Actions
Executive Branch
Legislative Branch
FDR
• Civil Rights Act
• Executive order
• Voting Rights
8802 (gov’t
Act
contractors)
Truman
• Committee on
Civil Rights
• Executive order
9980 (federal
employment)
• Executive order
9981 (armed forces)
Judicial Branch
Warren Court
• McLaurin v.
Oklahoma B.O.R.
• Sweatt v. Painter
• Brown v. B.O.E.
“Blowin’ in the Wind”
How many roads must a man walk down
Before you call him a man?
Yes, 'n' how many seas must a white dove sail
Before she sleeps in the sand?
Yes, 'n' how many times must the cannon balls fly
Before they're forever banned?
The answer, my friend, is blowin' in the wind,
The answer is blowin' in the wind.
“Blowin’ in the Wind”
How many times must a man look up
Before he can see the sky?
Yes, 'n' how many ears must one man have
Before he can hear people cry?
Yes, 'n' how many deaths will it take till he knows
That too many people have died?
The answer, my friend, is blowin' in the wind,
The answer is blowin' in the wind.
“Blowin’ in the Wind”
How many years can a mountain exist
Before it's washed to the sea?
Yes, 'n' how many years can some people exist
Before they're allowed to be free?
Yes, 'n' how many times can a man turn his head,
Pretending he just doesn't see?
The answer, my friend, is blowin' in the wind,
The answer is blowin' in the wind.
Civil Rights vs. Black Nationalism
Religious Beliefs
Political Beliefs:
Integration & Civil Rights
Religious Beliefs
Political Beliefs:
Black Nationalism
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Malcolm X
Common Beliefs
Your Opinion
Your Opinion