Review for Final and Benchmark

Unit 1: Ecology: Biodiversity
1. Biodiversity is: the number of species in an area
2. A niche is: the role or job of an organism in its ecosystem including the resources it uses

Unit 1: Ecology: Biodiversity
An ecosystem good is an item provided by nature that has value to humans. Examples include:
• Food
• Construction materials
• Medicinal plants
An ecosystem service is something nature does that is valuable to humans. Examples include:
Regulating climate
• Cleansing water and air
• Maintaining the gaseous composition of the atmosphere
• Pollinating crops and other important plants
• Generating and maintaining soils
• Storing and cycling essential nutrients
• Absorbing and detoxifying pollutants

Unit 1: Ecology: Biodiversity
Question 5 : Which area has a higher level of biodiversity (which one has a bigger variety of plants and animals?)
Answer: Area 1 because it has more species

Unit 1: Ecology: Human Activities
6. An invasive species is a non-native species that grows rapidly (because it has no natural predators) and causes harm to an ecosystem
7. Deforestation is to cut down trees and/or clear away forests

Unit 1: Ecology: Human Activities
Look at the food web on your study guide.
8. In the above food web, which organism would be most positively affected if humans built a factory nearby that increased the carbon dioxide levels in the air?
Plants because they take in carbon dioxide

Unit 1: Ecology: Human Activities
9. In the above food web, which organism would be most directly affected if humans introduced an invasive species that ate mice?
The owl because it eats mice, and now it has to compete for food

Unit 1: Ecology: Human Activities
10. In the above food web, which organism(s) would be affected if humans started hunting mountain lions?
All populations would be affected because the mountain lion is the top predator.
Deer, bird, and rabbit populations would increase.

Unit 1: Ecology: Population Growth
11.Define emigration . when an organism leaves a population
12.Define immigration . when an organism enters a population
13.Define birth rate. The number of organisms born into a population in X time
14.Define death rate . The number of organisms that die in a population in X time

Unit 1: Ecology: Population Growth
15. In one year, a population of wolves gives birth to 56 new pups, but 13 wolves die. 6 new wolves enter the population, but 7 wolves leave the population. What is the population growth rate of the population?
56-13+6-7 = 42 wolves per year!!!!

Unit 1: Ecology: Biogeochemical
Cycles
16.Draw the Carbon Cycle

Unit 1: Ecology: Biogeochemical
Cycles
17. Draw the oxygen cycle
Photosynthesis carbon dioxide + water + light energy=> glucose + oxygen
(6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy=>
C6H12O6 + 6O2):
Cellular respiration
Glucose + Oxygen →
Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy/ATP
C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + Energy/ATP

Unit 1: Ecology: Biogeochemical
Cycles
18.Draw the water cycle

Unit 1: Ecology: Biogeochemical
Cycles
19. Draw the nitrogen cycle

Unit 1: Ecology: Producers and
Decomposers
20. Define producers . Organisms that make food
(plants)
21. Define decomposers . Organisms that break down other dead organisms
22. Define consumers . Organisms that eat other organisms (plants OR animals) for food
23. Define autotrophs . Organisms that can make their own food (plants and some bacteria)
24. Define heterotrophs . Organisms that can’t make their own food and must eat other organisms

Unit 1: Ecology: Energy Pyramids
25. Draw an energy pyramid for the following food chain. Label trophic labels, and amount of energy in kcals and biomass in g/m^3 if the plant has 14082 kcals and 12502 g/m^3 of biomass.
Plant  Caterpillar  Praying Mantis  Small Bird  Hawk
Don’t worry about the biomass
10% of energy at each level transfers to the next level

Unit 2: Cell Biology: Cell Membranes
26. Define diffusion : the movement of molecules from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration
27. Create an illustration that shows diffusion in action.

Unit 2: Cell Biology: Cell Membranes
28. Define osmosis . The diffusion of water.
The movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated solution

Unit 2: Cell Biology: Cell Membranes
30. Define facilitated diffusion: diffusion of particles across a semi-permeable membrane that requires a membrane channel protein, but does not require energy
31. Create an illustration that shows facilitated diffusion in action.

Unit 2: Cell Biology: Cell Membranes
32.Define active transport: the movement of molecules across a membrane – requires ATP and a membrane protein

Unit 2: Cell Biology: Enzymes
34. Define enzyme .
A protein that catalyzes reactions in organisms
35.Define substrate .
A molecule that
An enzyme works on

Unit 2: Cell Biology: Enzymes
36. What is a catabolic reaction?
A reaction that happens when an enzyme breaks something into smaller parts

Unit 2: Cell Biology: Enzymes
37. What is an anabolic reaction?
A reaction that happens when an enzyme puts smaller molecules together to make one product.
38. Draw a picture of an
enzyme, substrate,
active site and products in a catabolic reaction
(in this drawing, the enzyme is orange, the substrates are red and green, the two arrows on the left are pointing to the active site, and the product is purple)

Unit 2: Cell Biology: Types of Cells
39. Fill in the chart

Unit 2: Cell Biology: Types of Cells
40. Fill in the chart
Type
Shape
Cell Wall?
Vacuole?
Chloroplasts?
Centrioles?
Eukaryotic
Round/spherical, square
Only plants
Yes, but Only plants have large central vacuole
Only plants
Prokaryotic
Many shapes – sphere, oval, yes no no no yes

Unit 2: Cell Biology: Organelles
Name the functions of the following organelles:
41. Nucleus: stores and protects DNA
42. Ribosomes: make protein
43. Endoplasmic reticulum: (is attached to the nucleus)
Rough – has ribosomes
Smooth – makes lipids, phospholipids, and steroids
Golgi apparatus: processes and packages proteins for secretion
44. Lysosome: holds enzymes that break down waste and invaders
45. Vacuole: stores water
46. Cell membrane: protects cell, controls what comes in and out of the cell
47. Cell wall: cell structure and protection (plants)
48. Mitochondria: makes energy (ATP) for the cell
50. Chloroplast: captures energy from sunlight to make sugars

Unit 2: Cell Biology: Photosynthesis
51. Fill in the chart

Unit 2: Cell Biology: Cellular
Respiration
52. Fill in the chart indicating what molecules go in and out
IN:
OUT:
Glycolysis Krebs Cycle
2acetyl-CoA + 2oxaloacetate glucose + 2ATP +
+2NAD+
2pyruvate+ 4ATP +
2NADH
4CO2 + 6NADH + 2FADH2 +
2ATP + 2oxaloacetate
Electron Transport Chain
10NADH + 2FADH2
34ATP

Unit 2: Cell Biology: Cellular
Respiration
53. Fill in the chart indicating which molecules go into and out of each part of anaerobic respiration
Glycolysis (lactic acid) Fermentation
IN: pyruvate + NADH glucose + 2ATP +
+2NAD+
OUT:
2pyruvate+ 4ATP +
2NADH
What other type of fermentation exists?
Alcoholic fermentation (done by yeast and some bacteria) lactic acid + NAD+
Also note that glycolysis is the same as in aerobic respiration.

Unit 2: Cell Biology: Cellular
Respiration
54.What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen, anaerobic respiration does not

55. Fill in the chart
Unit 2: Cell Biology: Macromolecules
Macromolecule How to recognize Function
Energy storage, cell wall structure
Monomers
Monosaccarides
(sugars)
Carbohydrate
Lipid
Chains of sugars
Long chains of carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) hat are connected
Energy storage, phospholipid membranes (cell membranes). There are more functions, but this is the most important for now
Rings of carbon with OH
(hydroxyl) groups
One chain of carbons and hydrogens
Large molecules made up of several chains of amino acids
Enzymes and many other structural elements of cells
Amino Acids
Protein
Nucleic Acid
DNA: double helix
RNA: Single stranded (mRNA)
Genetic material DNA has Adenine, Thymine,
Cytosine, and Guanine
RNA has Adenine, Uracil,
Cytosine, and Guanine
T-shaped (tRNA)

Unit 3: DNA: The Central Dogma
56. What does the Central Dogma state?
DNA  RNA  Proteins
(DNA is where the information on how to make proteins is stored, mRNA is a copy, tRNA delivers amino acids, the ribosome attaches the amino acids together to make a polypeptide (a protein)
The central dogma outlines the flow of information from DNA to
Protein .
It describes Protein Synthesis (how proteins are made through transcription and translation)

Unit 3: DNA: The Central Dogma
57. Which part of the central dogma refers to transcription?
DNA  RNA
(in transcription, a copy of mRNA is made using DNA as a template)
58. Which part of the central dogma
59. refers to translation?
RNA  Protein
(in translation, the sequence of codons in the mRNA is converted to amino acids by tRNA at the ribosome)

Unit 3: DNA: Translation
59.What does mRNA do?
It acts as a template during translation

Unit 3: DNA: Translation
60.What does tRNA do?
It pairs its anticodon with a codon on mRNA, and it delivers amino acids to the ribosome where they are added to the growing chain

Unit 3: DNA: Translation
61.What does rRNA do?
All you need to know is that rRNA stands for ribosomal
RNA, and that rRNA is on ribosomes

Unit 3: DNA: Translation
62.Where does translation happen?

Unit 3: DNA: Translation
63. What is the final product of translation?

Unit 3: DNA: Codon Table
64. Turn the following DNA strand into amino acids. Introns are in red.
Original DNA: G AAA GCTCACCG GGG TAA
Pre-mRNA: C UUU CGAGUGGCCCCAUU
(cut out the introns)
Final mRNA:
CCGAGUGGCAUU
Amino Acid Sequence:
Pro – Ser – Gly - Ile

Unit 3: DNA: Mutations
65. Would the following mutation be expressed?
Show your work
Original DNA: GT A TTTCAG mRNA = CAU
Mutated DNA: GT G TTGCAC mRNA = CAC
Both CAU and CAC code for His, so no, this mutation will not be expressed . It is a silent mutation.

Unit 3: DNA: Mutations
66. What type of mutation is this?
Original DNA: CCGAATGAC
Mutated DNA: CCG T AATGAC
This is an insertion. One T was inserted into the original DNA sequence. This will cause a frameshift

Unit 3: DNA: Mutations
67. What type of mutation is this?
Original DNA: C C GAATGAC
Mutated DNA: CGAATGAC
This is a deletion. One C was deleted from the original sequence. This will also cause a frameshift.

Unit 3: DNA: Mutations
68. What type of mutation is this?
Original DNA: CC G AATGAC
Mutated DNA: CC C AATGAC
This is a point mutation, and a substitution. One
DNA base has been changed. This will NOT cause a frameshift.

Unit 3: DNA: Mutations
Types of gene mutations:

Unit 3: DNA: Mutations
Frameshift Mutations are gene mutations that are caused by an insertion or a deletion .

Unit 3: DNA: Mutations
69. Define a deletion chromosomal mutation.
When a segment of chromosome is lost or removed.
70. Define an inversion chromosomal mutation.
When a segment of chromosome is flipped around and inserted back into the same chromosome.
71. Define a duplication chromosomal mutation.
When a segment of chromosome is repeated.
72. Define a translocation chromosomal mutation.
When two non-homologous (different) chromosomes exchange sections
*See the next slide for pictures of these*

Unit 3: DNA: Mutations
Chromosome Mutations

Unit 3: DNA: Cell Differentiation
73. Define cell differentiation. the process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type

Unit 3: DNA: Cell Differentiation
74. Define gene expression.
When a cell is making proteins from the information in
DNA, we say that gene is being
expressed.
Not all genes are expressed in all cells, but all cells have the same DNA.

Unit 3: DNA: Cell Differentiation
75. Nerve cells need the ability to transmit messages across cells. Would the genes that create the proteins necessary to transmit these messages be turned ON or OFF in skin cells?
OFF because a skin cell does not transmit electrical messages. Skin cells have a different function than nerve cells, so they need different proteins.

Unit 3: DNA: Structure of DNA, RNA, and Proteins
76. Fill in the chart:

Unit 3: DNA: Structure of DNA, RNA, and Proteins
77. Define Polypeptide:
A chain of amino acids

Unit 3: DNA: Replication and
Transcription
78.Turn this DNA strand into its complementary
DNA strand.
Original DNA Strand: GTCGGACCGAGT
Complementary
DNA Strand: CAGCCTGGCTCA
(Remember that in DNA, A pairs with T and C pairs with G)

Unit 3: DNA: Replication and
Transcription
79. What does DNA helicase do?
It unzips the DNA double helix in preparation for replication or transcription

Unit 3: DNA: Replication and
Transcription
80.What does DNA polymerase do?
It adds DNA nucleotides to a growing strand of
DNA

Unit 3: DNA: Replication and
Transcription
81. Turn this DNA strand into is complementary mRNA strand.
(Introns are in red) Remember that in RNA, A pairs with U and
C pairs with G
Original DNA Strand: GTACGG TTTTTT TTC
Complementary pre-mRNA Strand:
CAUGCC AAAAAA AAG
Final pre-mRNA Strand:
CAUGCCAAG

Unit 3: DNA: Replication and
Transcription
82.Define introns.
Non-coding regions of DNA (introns still have nucleotide bases, but they do not contain genes)
83.What does RNA polymerase do?
Adds RNA nucleotides to a growing strand of
RNA

Unit 3: DNA: Genetic Engineering
84. Define genetic engineering.
Changing the DNA of an organism on purpose to get desired traits into the organism (you might add a gene or change a gene).
85.Define plasmid.
A small circular piece of DNA, frequently used in genetic engineering
86.Define restriction enzyme
An enzyme that cuts DNA at specific (palindromic) sequences

Unit 4: Meiosis
We have not covered meiosis. You will not need to know the steps of meiosis (or mitosis) for the final. Go ahead and cross out questions 87 and 91.
You do need to know:
Mitosis is the process of cell division – when cells divide to make identical copies of themselves
Meiosis is the process that makes sex cells (sperm cells and egg cells)
-Meiosis starts with one diploid cell, and after two cell divisions, it results in four haploid cells
A diploid cell has 2 copies of each chromosome
A haploid cell has 1 copy of each chromosome
Why do egg cells and sperm cells only have one copy of each chromosome?
Because when they combine at fertilization, they need to make a diploid organism.

Just FYI
Unit 4: Meiosis

Unit 4: Meiosis
88. In males, the final cells made in meiosis are called sperm cells
89. In females, the final cells made in meiosis are called egg cells and polar bodies
(after meiosis in females, you end up with one egg cell and three polar bodies. The polar bodies donate their organelles and cytoplasm to the egg)
90. Are these haploid or diploid? haploid

Again, just FYI
Unit 4: Meiosis

Unit 4: Meiosis - Fertilization
92. Sperm + Egg = zygote
93. What is the pathway for development after a sperm meets an egg? zygote  embryo  fetus  infant
(fertilized egg, fertilized egg that has started dividing, unborn baby, newborn baby)
94. Where does the DNA in all your cells originally come from?
Half comes from your mother (from the egg cell) and half comes from your father (from the sperm cell).

Unit 4: Sex Chromosomes
95. Look at this karyotype . Is this individual a male or a female? How can you tell? Male because he has an X and a Y for his sex chromosomes.
A female would have two X chromosomes