Free Trade and First Phase of industrialization
1850’s
 The start of industrialization p186-187 work sheet
 Write a definition of Free trade in your own words.
 What does reciprocity mean?
 Provide 3 examples of how the Reciprocity Treaty of
1854 benefited Canada?
 Who was Adam Smith ? How did his economic theory
change the way businesses' and the government regulate the
economy?
The First Phase of industrialization (1850’s)
 Read the first three paragraphs on page 190. Using the
information from that page, analyze the documents. What is
this document showing? How does this document explain
what the first phase of industrialization is about?
 1- smaller labour force making shoes for locals markets 2
pairs a day
 2. Mass Production pf goods that could eventually be
exported 300 pairs
 Through the first phase of industrialization mechanization
replaced the craft workshops because this made more money
Why were canals important to the development of the economy
during the first Phase of Industrialization?
If canals were important, why were railroads even ore important?
What factors led to the creation of urban centres?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What was the situation of the workers and how did they respond?
 Montreal 1850-1896: The Industrial City
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uEjAxQc07I4
 kjhkjh
Industrialization phase 1 - 1850-1900
 Causes

Agricultural
1.
2.
3.

Demographic
1.
2.

Growth in population  immigration from Britain
 natural growth
Lack of farmland  people move to cities
 Territorial
1.
Urbanization

Established cities grow bigger

Now cities develop
 Social
1.
2.
Economic liberalism  Free trade ( reciprocity)
More Capital : can be invested in new business
Tech and Transport
1.
2.
Steam engine  increased production
Canals + railway  better more efficient transport.
Bad working conditions
1.
2.
Economic
1.

Crop Diversification  increased production
Townships  New farms  more production
New mechanization  increased production  Ex
steam engine harvest more faster.
 Consequences
2.
Low wages long hours
Dangerous conditions /
child labour
Bad living conditions
1.
Diseases cramped
polluted
 Economic
1.
economy grows a great deal
2.
More Jobs, more $$
3.
Industrial capitalism
 Causes
Industrialization
 Agricultural
Crop Diversification  increased production
Townships  New farms  more production
New mechanization  increased production  Ex steam engine harvest
more faster.
1.
2.
3.
 Demographic
Growth in population
1.


2.
immigration from Britain
natural growth
Lack of farmland  people move to cities
 Economic
1.
2.
Economic liberalism  Free trade ( reciprocity)
More Capital : can be invested in new business
 Tech and Transport
1.
2.
Steam engine  increased production
Canals + railway  better more efficient transport.
Industrialization
 Consequences
 Territorial
1.
Urbanization
 Established cities grow bigger
 Now cities develop
 Social
1.
Bad working conditions
1.
2.
2.
Low wages long hours
Dangerous conditions / child labour
Bad living conditions
1.
Diseases cramped polluted
 Economic
1.
economy grows a great deal
2.
More Jobs, more $$
3.
Industrial capitalism
Industrialization
Working conditions + Living conditions
 Textbook
 Worst jobs in history
 Primary sources
Industrialization
 Change from cottage
industry to factory
production.
 Capital investment
led to the
development of
specialized places for
production.
 Big change was
people going to work.
Specialization
 Specialization leads to simple tasks
unskilled/cheap labour.
 Mass production. Lower cost goods.
 People moving into the cities and to Canada from
Europe provided plenty of cheap labour.
 Infrastructure
Development: canals,
railways.
 Transport: St. Lawrence.
 Power: Water power from
the rivers to run the
machines. Coal (Steam).
 Protectionism: tariffs.
Companies
 Managers tended to be English (British)
 Workers tended to be French or immigrants





(included Irish, Scottish).
Food processing: Flour, Sugar, Meat packing,
brewing.
Leather: tannery.
Textiles: weaving cloth.
Tobacco
Wood
Working Conditions
 Less than 20% of the population lived in the cities in





1867….1900: 36%.
People moved into the cities. They found conditions very
harsh.
Six day work week, 60 to 72 hours per week.
No insurance, not for sickness or injury.
No unemployment insurance
No vacations.
Working conditions
 Low wages: $10 per man for a week
(‘Basket of goods, then $10)
 Women might get $3 per week and children less.
 No Unions.
Living conditions
 Towns had grow slowly for many years.
 When industrialization began towns grew quickly.
 Wooden structures built near the factories
 Constant danger of fire.
 No Water, No proper sewage.
 Overcrowded.
 Factories had no pollution controls.
 No garbage pick up
Working Class: Living conditions
 High mortality rates: 300 per 1000 children did
not live one year.
 Malnutrition/Epidemics disease.
What has happen so far ?
1850
1900
1929
National Policy
• John A Macdonald made the promise to
improve Canada’s economy
3 measures:
a) impose a tariff (tax) on American goods
b) build a railway to the west (to transport
grain to the cities and products to the
west)
c) bring in immigrants (creates a market
for more goods)
Second Phase of Industrialization
(1900-1929)
Investment Capital
- The United States
Main Industries
- newsprint, mining, pulp and paper,
aluminum
Labour
- more highly skilled
Regions Industrialized
- Abitibi, Saguenay, Three Rivers
Source of Power
- Hydroelectric
Transportation
- Railways
Market
- for export to the United States
IMPORTANT!!!
•The industries from
the First Phase
continue into the
Second Phase!
Working Conditions
• most workers earned less than $10 a week
• factories employed women and children and
paid them lower wages
• employers were not concerned with the health
and security
of their workers
• workers worked between ten
and twelve hours a day, six days
a week
• Workers started unions to get more
pay and better working conditions
Industrialization phase 2 -1900-1929
 Causes
 National Policy
 Help Canadian industry by imposing a
tax on American goods
 Agriculture Wheat.
1.
because of immigration boom , lots of
fertile land, cheap transport ( rail)=
wheat became export #1
 Economic= foreign investment
1.
the US=this modernizes the industry.
 New energy source
 Quebec has many waterways
=Hydroelectricity
 Demand for raw material in US
 example pulp and paper for newspapers
( main source of news)
 Consequences
 Territorial
1.
2.
Rail expansion colonized
new town in Quebec
New Rich neighbourhoods
outside of the core – street
cars make travel in cities
easier
 Social
1.
2.
Still Bad working and living
conditions
Big change machines
modernize- fewer people
needed – labour becomes
skilled
 Economic
1.
2.
3.
Production increases
Transportation cost
decreases
Export primarly.US
market
 Causes
Industrialization
 National Policy

Help Canadian industry by imposing a tax on American goods
 Agriculture Wheat.
1.
because of immigration boom , lots of fertile land, cheap
transport ( rail)= wheat became export #1
 Economic= foreign investment
1.
From Britain and the US=this modernizes the industry.
 New energy source

Quebec has many waterways =Hydroelectricity
 Demand for raw material in US
 example pulp and paper for newspapers ( main source of
news)
Industrialization
 Consequences
 Territorial
1.
2.
Rail expansion colonized new town in
Quebec
New Rich neighbourhoods outside of the
core – street cars make travel in cities easier
 Social
1.
2.
Still Bad working and living conditions
Big change machines modernize- fewer
people needed – labour becomes skilled
 Economic
1.
2.
3.
Production increases
Transportation cost decreases
US market primary export.
Industrialization
 Phase 1 ( 1850-1900)
 Investment Capital
 From Britain or English business
community of Montreal
 Main Industries
 Food processing, shoes, textiles, wood,
railway equipment
 Labour
 cheap and unskilled (allowed for women
and children to work in factories)
 Regions Industrialized
 centred around Montreal
 Source of Power
 water power and coal (to make steam)
were used to drive the machinery
 Transportation
 canals and waterways but increasingly
railways
 Market
 primarily for domestic consumers
 Phase 2 (1900-1929)
 Investment Capital
 The United States
 Main Industries
 newsprint, mining, pulp and paper,
aluminum
 Labour
 more highly skilled
 Regions Industrialized
 Abitibi, Saguenay, Three Rivers
 Source of Power
 Hydroelectric
 Transportation
 Railways
 Market
 for export to the United States