1. Objective 1: Summarize how organisms interact with one another and their
environment.
A. Arrange components of a food chain according to energy flow
B. Compare the quantity of energy in the steps of an energy pyramid.
C. Describe strategies used by organisms to balance the energy expended to obtain food to the
energy gained from the food (e.g., migration to areas of seasonal abundance, switching types
of prey based upon availability, Hibernation or dormancy).
So...
If you are in a trophic level other than the producers, where do you obtain your energy?
And…
What would you have to do, in order to conserve energy, if that energy source is limited
or no longer available?
If food is how we obtain our energy, then the ways we conserve energy must be related
to our metabolism.
I move slow.
http://i.huffpost.com/gen/1164733/thumbs/o-PHOTOS-OF-SLOTHS-facebook.jpg
One way that organisms conserve energy is through migration. The way that migration
helps conserve energy is:
When an organism is forced to search for food in an environment and the food is limited,
then they would expend less energy migrating to an area where food is abundant.
Animal migrations are common in the animal kingdom.
Canadian Geese
http://images.fineartamerica.com/images-medium-large-5/canada-goose-migration-mirceacostina-photography.jpg
Lesser long-nosed bat
http://images.fineartamerica.com/images-medium-large-5/canada-goose-migration-mirceacostina-photography.jpg
Zebras and Wildebeest migrating to areas of abundance
https://clappingtheson.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/migration1.jpg
Lions migrate to follow prey
http://www.gameplanafrica.com/gpa/wp-content/uploads/migration-routes-lions.jpg
normally a seasonal movement of a species in reaction to changes
in climate, mating reasons, in search of sustenance, or due to the
particular time of the year.
Osprey
http://shiloheaglepics.com/wpcontent/uploads/2012/05/osprey56555.jpg
Cold Blooded vs. Warm Blooded
Monarch migration
Incredible Journey of Monarch Butterflies - Mariposas
Monarcas
http://www.monarchwatch.org/grafx/tagmig/spring.jpg
Please don’t kill milkweed. Numbers of monarch butterflies have
dropped significantly and milkweed is necessary for their survival.
• Animal migrations are common in the animal kingdom.
• Normally the seasonal movement of a species in reaction to changes in climate, for
mating reasons, in search of sustenance, or due to the particular time of the year.
Forests can also migrate to areas more suitable for their growth.
Seed dispersal capacity and environmental factors are the
overlying forces.
(Sauer, J.D. 1988. Plant migration the dynamics of geographic patterning in seed plant species. University of California Press. Berkeley and Los
Angeles, California.)
But trees don’t move?!?
WikiPedia Forest Migration
http://orig10.deviantart.net/abff/f/2014/038/c/a/ents_and_huorns_by_gonzalokenny-d75g46y.jpg
Dormancy is the time of an organisms life cycle when growth and
development (metabolic processes) are temporarily halted in
order to conserve energy.
During winter months because there is less sunlight and freezing temperatures.
Transpiration doesn’t work below 0°C because water can’t exit the stomata on the
leaves.
They do this by storing large amounts of energy in their roots which are protected from
frost.
As the soil temperature increases the energy that was stored in the roots returns to the
rest of the tree and it begins it’s growing part of the cycle again.
Seed Dormancy
http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3144/2867107023_3822b2212f.jpg
•
•
•
•
•
Fire
High temperatures
Freezing
Thawing
Passing the digestive tract of an animal
Dormancy is typically referenced when talking about plants, but
could also be associated with viruses, bacteria or animals.
When referring to animals, dormancy is commonly called…
http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/naturelibrary/imag
es/ic/credit/640x395/h/hi/hibernation/hi
bernation_1.jpg
• Ectotherm – external generation of heat
• Endotherm – internal generation of heat
• Cold bloodedness is the ability to adjust your body temperature based on your
surrounding environment.
• Basking in the sun
• Warming on rocks
• This conserves energy by not needing to maintain homeostasis.
• Warm bloodedness is the ability to maintain a
constant body temperature.
• This conserves energy by allowing organisms
to be more active for a longer portion of the
year.
• During the winter or extremely hot summer months
• Rattlesnake video clip
• Work with your table and brainstorm ways that humans conserve energy through food.
• Come up with at least three examples to share with the class
http://www.nativevillage.org/Messages%20from%20the%20People/Photos%20Messages%20from%20the%20People/muktuk%20gerrit%20vyn.jpg
http://photo30.bababian.com/upload7/20150212/0152623E524C6EF0D0E987C7E8DC63AF.jpg
http://mw2.google.com/mw-panoramio/photos/medium/55053773.jpg
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-RFQSheXOsPY/Tp5TYgQxrxI/AAAAAAAAAxM/Ebk7jcDdRw/s320/three+sisters.jpg
Switching prey or food source is an easy way to conserve energy if that option is
available.
http://www.gaiahealthblog.com/wordpress1/wpcontent/uploads/2013/08/whole-foods1.jpg
https://www.bing.com/images/search?q=chameleon+eating&view=detailv2&&id=2E319EEAF8591200BD438C34A
4664864318AE536&selectedIndex=0&ccid=GMq6c2F3&simid=607986534518818064&thid=JN.gQgsvj0SsJkZjnf
VmtiR6g&ajaxhist=0
Behaviors used to maintain
homeostasis:
• Shivering
• Sweating
• Warming on rocks
• Cooling in the shade
http://luminous-landscape.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Druid_Arch.jpg
http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/02/23/article-011DF5EF9000005DC-485_964x888.jpg
To maintain homeostasis, shivering when cold raises your body temperature.
Sweating or perspiration cools the body buy acting like an evaporative cooler.
http://images.slideplayer.com/9/2488629/slides/slide_52.jpg
Rocks are thermal mass and absorb and hold onto energy (heat) radiated from the sun
Escaping the suns rays (photons) by sitting in the shade is an excellent way to cool down.
http://www.wondermondo.com/Images/NAmerica/LesserAntilles/Aruba/GuadirikiriCave2.jpg
1. conserve energy by various behaviors.
A. Migration
B. Hibernation
C. Cold Blooded vs. Warm Blooded
2. Behaviors are used to maintain homeostasis.
1.
2.
Shivering, sweating
Warming on rocks, sitting in shade
• What is an apex predator?
• What plant is necessary for monarch butterflies to complete their life cycle?
• What happens to the number of organisms as you move up trophic levels?
• What is an ectotherm?