Digestive and Respiratory
Supplemental Instruction
Iowa State University
Leader:
Course:
Instructor:
Date:
Kristina
AnS 214
Keating
12/9/2013
Digestive System
1. The digestive system is made up of two groups of organs the ______________________
which includes the esophagus and stomach and the _________________ digestive organs
which includes the teeth and tongue. The six processes involved in digestion are
______________, _______________, __________________, _____________________,
______________, and __________________. Saliva contains ___________________ for
starch digestion and ______________________ which is activated by stomach acid.
Salivation can be triggered by _____________, _____________, and _____________ of
food during the ________________ phase. This stage also includes ___________
secretions and _____________. After food has been broken down and moistened in the
mouth it moves into the ________________ in the form of a bolus. The bolus is then
pushed along by contractions called ________________. It then reaches the stomach
where chemical digestion of ___________ and ______________ begins. When food
enters the stomach a _______________________ response occurs where the stomach
resists stretch, but then relaxes to allow space for the food. In the gastric pits are
_____________ cells that produce HCl and intrinsic factor and ______________ cells
that secrete inactive pepsinogen. HCl activates _____________________ and
________________ which begin digestion of proteins and fats. __________________
cells control the mixing of food and chemicals by regulating the frequency of peristaltic
waves. This makes up the _______________ phase of digestion. The final intestinal
phase begins when food moves into the _____________________ which is made up of
three parts the duodenum, _______________, and ________________. The __________
secretes bile which is then stored in the ________________. Bile is then injected into the
small intestine where ________________ function to emulsify and absorb fats. The
pancreas functions in protein digestions by secreting _______________, _____________,
and ____________________ into the small intestine. The small intestine has structural
modifications such as ______________, ______________, and _______________ that
increase its ability to absorb nutrients. Food is moved along through the process of
intestinal _______________. This process includes ____________________ and
peristaltic ____________. Contents of the small intestine are moved along towards the
____________________. The presence of food in the ________________ causes the
large intestine to undergo mass movements in the __________________________. This
forces feces into the ______________. ________________ control allows the external
anal sphincter to relax, while a _________________________ is responsible for the
relaxation of the internal anal sphincter. This process is called _________________.
Nutrient Digestion
2. Carbohydrate digestion begins in the _________________. However, it is halted in the
stomach due to the inactivation of ______________________ by acid. ______________
amylase resumes carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine. Other ________________
enzymes act on other sugars such as fructose. Protein digestion begins in the
_____________ due to the action of ___________________ (inactive). This inactive
form is activated by __________. In the small intestine the enzymes _______________,
Supplemental Instruction
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_____________________, and ______________________ continue protein digestion.
Fat digestion takes place in the _______________________. Bile salts ______________
fat globules. Pancreatic _______________ then breaks down the fat into free
_______________________ and monoglycerides. They combine with bile salts to form
_______________ which ferry the components to the intestinal mucosa. The fatty acids
and monoglycerides leave the ______________ and enter epithelial cells. They then form
__________________. These are extruded by ___________________ and enter
______________. Finally they are carried away by _____________.
Respiratory System
3. The upper respiratory system which is also the ___________________ zone has three
functions: ___________, ______________, and ______________ inhaled air. Cells in
this zone secrete _______________ to trap any foreign particles. If a particle makes it
past this area it will come into contact with the _______________ which will result in a
coughing reflex to expel it. The final part of the respiratory system, which resides in the
respiratory zone, is the ________________. This is where ______________________
occurs. __________________ is the amount of air moving in and out during normal
respiration. ____________________ is the maximum amount of air inspired after
maximal expiration. Dead space is the space in the ___________________ where air
remains and cannot undergo gas exchange. _____________ dead space also includes
______________ dead space. Alveolar ventilation rate is _______________ X
___________________________. The respiratory system has three characteristics:
________________ which is the ability to stretch, ________________ which is the
tendency to return to original size and shape, and ______________________ which is the
attraction between like molecules. Due to Boyle’s Law (___________________) air can
enter the lungs. Inspiration is an ________________ process, but expiration is a
_______________ process. The pressure of each gas on the lungs is dependent upon is
proportion in the total mixture. This is _______________ Law. ________________ Law
says that the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid depends on the solubility,
_______________, and ____________________ of the gas. Oxygen is transported in the
blood by ______________________ which can load ____ oxygen molecules at a time.
Carbon dioxide is primarily transported as _________________.
4. Diagram the production of HCl.
5. Diagram an alveolus.
6. Describe what is happening in the diagram below.
7. Review the table of digestive substances.
Inactive Hormone (if
applicable)
Trypsinogen
Activating
Factor
Enterokinas
e, trypsin
Active Substance
Function
Location
Trypsin
Brush border
Chymotrypsinogen
Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Procarboxypeptidase
Trypsin
Carboxypeptidase
None
Acid and fat
in small
intestine
CCK
None
Acid and fat
in small
intestine
Secretin
None
Increase in
stomach pH
Gastrin
None
Food
Salivary Amylase
None
Carbohydrat
es
Pancreatic
Amylase
Protein
digestion,
activation
of other
hormones
Protein
digestion
Protein
digestion at
carboxyl
end
Inhibit
gastric
secretion
and
motility
Inhibit
gastric
secretion
and
motility
Increase
stomach
secretions
Starch
digestion
Starch
digestion
Pepsinogen
HCl
Pepsin
None
Proteins
Aminopeptidase
Chief cells/
stomach
Brush border
None
Proteins
Dipeptidase
None
RNA
RNase
None
DNA
DNase
None
Fat in
duodenum
High blood
sugar
Pancreatic Lipase
Protein
digestion
Protein
digestion at
amine end
Break up
dipeptides
Degrade
RNA
Degrade
DNA
Fat
digestion
Lower
blood sugar
Low blood
sugar
Glucagon
None
None
Insulin
Brush border
Brush border
Duodenum
Duodenum
G cells
Mouth
Pancreas
Brush border
Pancreas
Pancreas
Pancreas
Pancreas
Raise
Pancreas
blood sugar
None
Alcohol
None
Fat in
duodenum
None
Food
ACh
None
Food
Histamine
None
Food
HCl
None
HCl
Lingual Lipase
None
Serotonin
None
Acid and fat
in
duodenum
Acid and fat
in
duodenum
Bacteria
None
Bacteria
Lysozyme
None
Food
Mucus
None
Acid and fat
in small
intestine
Gastric Inhibitory
Peptide
None
Alcohol
Dehydrogenase
Bile
Somatostatin
Ig A
Alcohol
digestion
Fat
emulsificati
on
Increase
stomach
secretions
Increase
stomach
secretions
Activate
pepsin,
break up
cells walls,
kill
bacteria
Digest fats
Inhibit
gastric
secretion
Inhibit
gastric
secretion
Inhibit
bacterial
growth
Kill
bacteria
Lubrication
for
swallowing
Suppress
gastric
secretion
and
motility
Stomach
Liver/
gallbladder
Stomach
Enteroendocrine
cells
Parietal cells/
stomach
Mouth, active in
stomach
Stomach
Stomach
Mouth
Mouth
Mouth
Duodenum