1
Human Population
&
Environment
Presented By: Vaibhavi Apte
Human Population…
• It means the number of people in a given area.
• The no. of people in a Village, City, State, Country
& World
• Population is directly proportional to use of natural
resources
Factors Influencing Population
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Exponential Growth Rate
Doubling Time
Total Fertility Rate
Infant Mortality
Replacement Level
Age Structure
Zero Population Growth
Male- Female Ratio
Life Expectancy
Demographic Transition
EXPONENTIAL GROWTH RATE
• When quantity increases by constant amount in
unit time is called as Linear Growth e.g. 1,3,5,7,
etc..
• But when it increases by a fixed percentage it is
called as Exponential Growth e.g 2,4,6,8,16.. Or
10, 102, 103,104….
• Population growth takes place exponentially which
shows dramatic increase in population growth
globally.
CHARACTERISTICS
1. Doubling Time: the time needed for a population to
double at a constant annual rate is called “Doubling
Time”.
• Td=70/r ;Where.. Td= Doubling time in years
r=annual growth rate
e.g. if nation has 2% annual growth rate, its population will
double in 35 years.
2. Total Fertility Rate: the average number of children
that would be born to a women in her life time if the
age-specific birth rates remain constant. The value
varies from 1.9 to 4.7
• The TFR has come down due to awareness & govt. policies
which is a welcome change.
CHARACTERISTICS
3. Infant Mortality Rate: the percentage of infants died
out of those born in a year.
• Although this rate has declined with improvements in medical
science and awareness programs.
4. Replacement level: two parents bearing two children
will be replaced by their offspring. But due to
mortality rate, this replacement level is usually
changed.
5. Zero Population Growth :
• Birth + immigration = Death + Emigration
CHARACTERISTICS
6. Male – Female ratio: the ratio of boys to girls
should be fairly be balanced.
• Because of female infanticides & gender based abortions
there is a major imbalance.
7. Age Pyramids
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Population divided in 3 major classes
Pre Reproductive - 0-14 years
Reproductive
- 15- 44 years
Post Reproductive – 45 and above
Can be studied with the help of Age Pyramids
1. PYRAMID SHAPED
It is triangular shaped pyramid.
This kind of shape is found with the developing countries pyramid.
It has wide base which shows that the country has a high birth rate
and a large young population. The population of Nigeria, Bangladesh
and Mexico represents this shape.
2. BELL SHAPED
Constant population pyramid : It is bell shaped pyramid which tapers
towards the top. It shows that the birth and death rates are almost
equal. Australian population shows this kind of shape.
3. URN SHAPED
Declining population pyramid : This pyramid has a narrow
base and narrow top. It shows that the birth and death rates are
declining. Japan population shows this shape.
COMPARISON
CHARACTERISTICS
8. Life expectancy: an average age that a new born
is expected to attain in a country.
• In 1900 the life expectancy in India was 22.6 & 23.3 yrs
for male and female resp.
• And now it is 60.3-60.5 yrs for male & female respectively
9. Demographic Transition: population growth is
directly related to economic growth.
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Pre – Industrial phase
Transitional phase
Industrial phase
Post Industrial phase
The Indian Scenario
• Population Explosion: the unprecedented growth of
human population at a alarming rate is called as
Population explosion.
• India is 2nd most populous country in the world.
• If the current growth rate remains the same, by
2050 the population will reach upto 1.63 billion,
reaching to 1st populous country.
• Population explosion is leading to severe problems
like resource depletion, tremendous pressure on
renewable resources,
THE INDIAN SCENARIO
• Two theories are important:
• Malthusian Theory:
• As per this theory the population growth is at exponential
rate but the food production is less.
• He believes Positive checks like famine, disease outbreak ,
violence and preventive checks like birth control stabilize
population
• Marxian Theory:
• Karl Marx believed population growth is a symptom of
poverty, resource depletion.
• He believed social exploitation & oppression of less privileged
people lead to poverty
ENVIRONMENT & HUMAN HEALTH
• Yes, Environmental pollution has direct as well as
indirect effects
• Health is defined as “a state o complete physical,
mental and social well-being and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity”- as per WHO
• The harmful changes in body’s condition is called
as a Disease.
ISSUES OF HUMAN HEALTH
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Spread of infectious diseases
Carcinogens
Mutagens
Teratogens
Toxins, chemicals
Food
Noise
Radiations
Sanitation, hygiene
HEALTH CASE STUDIES
• Use of pesticides & its impact on human
health: a case of farmers in South India.
• Occupational hazards: Asbestosis, silicosis,
pnuemoconiosis, baggasis , Chemical
hazards etc
• Minamata disease in Japan
• Itai-Itai disease
• Respiratory disorders
CONTAMINATED FOOD AND WATER
• Millions of children die every year due to
diarrhoea from contaminated water or
food. An estimated 2000 million people are
affected by these diseases and more than 3
million children die each year from waterborne diseases across the world. In India, it is
estimated that every fifth child under the age of
5 dies due to diarrhoea.
CASE STUDY
 Foodborne trematodes (worms) are increasing
in South-east Asia and Latin America. This is
related to a combination of intensive
aquaculture production in unsanitary
conditions, and consumption of raw or lightly
processed fresh water fish and fishery
products.
 Foodborne trematodes can cause acute liver
disease, and may lead to liver cancer. It is
estimated that 40 million people are affected
worldwide.
POLLUTION IN CITIES
 Congested road junctions build up high levels of NO2 and SPM.
 The levels of two gases in the northeast suburbs were found to be 156
and 1309 micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m3).
 At Dadar or Sion Circle in central Mumbai, at peak hours, CO levels up
to 40-50 parts per million (PPM) have been detected.
 The ambient air pollution levels measured have come down for SO2 over
the last twenty years. But NO2 and SPM levels show a rising trend
particularly in suburbs of Mumbai.
 SPM levels are higher in the central part of the city than in the western
suburbs. .
 A World Bank study conducted in 1995 revealed that if the air pollution
is controlled in Calcutta according to the guidelines of World Health
Organization (WHO), lives of 5726 persons maybe saved from premature
death and of 30 lakhs people may also be saved from admitting to
hospital (Banik, A. 2000).
SUMMARY
• Health is an outcome of the interactions
between people and their environment.
• Better health can only come from a
more sustainable management of the
environment.
NEED OF THE HOUR….
• Family Planning programmes
• Value Education
• Awareness of Human Rights
CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
The State's responsibility with regard to raising the
level of nutrition and the standard of living and to
improve public health has been laid down under
Article 47 of the Constitution which reads as follows:
 "The State shall regard the raising of the level of nutrition
and the standard of living of its people and the improvement
of public health as among its primary duties and, in
particular, the State shall endeavour to bring about prohibition
of the consumption except for medicinal purposes of
intoxicating drinks and of drugs which are injurious to
health."
FAMILY PLANNING
• Extremely important step to control ever
increasing population, required.
• Some countries have strict laws, forced
family planning
• Punishments if number of children exceeds
the fixed limits
• Incentives if Family planning is done.
• Specific measures for controlling number of
children born.. Both by men and women
AWARENESS OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Right to clean air, water
Right to use land
Right to hygienic conditions
Right to good Health
World Health Organisation
Universal Declaration of Human Rights on Dec
10, 1948 by UNO
• Vienna World Conference on Human Rights
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WHAT ARE VALUES?
• Values deal with ones own principles and standards from
which we judge what is right and wrong behaviour.
• Values lead to a process of decision making which leads to
action. For value education in relation to the environment,
this process is learned through an understanding and
appreciation of Nature’s oneness and the importance of its
conservation.
Value based Environmental Education
•Inculcate environmental studies in the school and college syllabus
•Carry out small projects related to environmental awareness
•Imbibe the thought that development cannot be achieved at the cost
of degrading environment
•Man for Nature …. Not Nature for Man concept
VALUE BASED ENVIRONMENT
EDUCATION
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Human values
Social values
Cultural & Religious Value
Ethical value
Global value
Spiritual value
ROLE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
• Database- for information storage and use.
• Specialized software can analyze data for
epidemiological studies, population dynamics and a
variety of key environmental concerns.
• Fast and convenient usage
• Useful in conservation activities, decision making etc
• ENVIS centres
• ENVIS-Environmental Information System
• NMIS-National Management Information System
• GIS- Geographical Information System
RS AND GIS
• Remote sensing- Information without actual visit to
a specific location
• GIS- based on digital Maps
• Useful in understanding various environmental
aspects like land availabilty, fuel, water, soil
quality, forest cover etc etc
CASE STUDY
• Karnataka’s GIS scheme, Bhoomi, has
revolutionized the way farmers access their
landrecords.
• Farmers can now get a copy of the records
of rights, tenancy and crops from a
computerized information kiosk without
harassment and bribes.
• Karnataka has computerized 20 million
records of land ownership of 6.7 million
farmers in the State.
WORLD WIDE WEB
• Internet is the biggest source of knowledge
• Search engines like Google etc…
• Social networking sites
HIV/AIDS
• Large Deaths- affect local environment.
• Loss of labour, production level decreases
• After the adult death- young generation face problem to
maintain resp. Family business. E.g. Agriculture
• Death of skilled forest persons- conservation activities
slow down
• Use of easily available fuel source, exploitation of
timber for coffins.
• Work efficiency of such workers is less.
WOMEN WELFARE
• Problems – gender discrimination, domestic violence,
Dowry deaths, rapes, mental torture.
• Formation of women groups called as “Women Cells”
• Formation of Ministry for women & Child
Development dealing with family planning, education,
awareness, health care & social issues
• Problem of displaced women- discrimination, socially
humiliating work, driven out of main work.
• Formation of- National Network for Women & Mining ,
Gender Audits
• Mahila Mandals- NGOs.
CHILD WELFARE
Death due to socio-economic problems
Poverty, less nutritive value.
Child Labors- in industrial sectors
In 1959, Declaration of Rights of a Child, which
turned to be an International Law in 1990.
• Ministry of Human Resource Development
(MHRD)-strategic plans
• Childrens are more suseptible to disease due to low
immune power and also their consumption of food,
water is more .
• Childhood cancer rate is also increasing
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Thank you.....