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APWH Chapter 9 Study Guide
Key Points
A. Initially, the Byzantine Empire, following Roman political and legal heritage that had
mostly faded in the west, enjoyed more economic prosperity and sophistication in the
arts and culture than the west.
B. Christianity became embedded in Byzantine society before it did in the western
church.
C. The Byzantine Empire did not witness the improved military techniques, new
agricultural technologies, population growth, and trade of Western Europe, leading to its
decline in prosperity and cultural innovation in comparison to the west.
I. The Byzantine Empire, 600–1200
A. An Empire Beleaguered
1. What happen despite the unity of political and religious power in the Byzantine Empire?
2. How did the Muslim Arabs permanently reduce the power of the Byzantine Empire?
3. What happened in 1054 between the Byzantine Empire and Western Europe?
B. Society and Urban Life
1. Why was there a decline of the middle class in Byzantine society?
2. In the Byzantine period, how did the family became more rigid?
3. Explain the economic advantages and disadvantages of the Byzantine Empire?
4. How did Western Europeans view the Byzantine Empire?
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C. Cultural Achievements
1. Why is Byzantine architecture important?
II. Early Medieval Europe, 300–1000
A. A Time of Insecurity
1. Why did Western Europe continue to suffer invasions?
2. In the eighth century, what did the Carolingians accomplish?
3. Who is Charlemagne, and what did he do?
3. What did the Vikings accomplish in the late eighth and ninth centuries?
B. A Self-Sufficient Economy
1. The fall of the Roman Empire was accompanied by an economic transformation that included:
2. The medieval diet in the north was based on?
3. What are Manors and what did they lead to?
4. What was the role of the lord of a manor?
C. Early Medieval Society in the West
1. What is feudalism?
2. How did the need for military security led to new military technology?
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3. What is a fief?
4. Why was kings considered weak because they depended on their vassals?
5. What was the role of women in Medieval Europe?
III. The Western Church
A. Politics and the Church
1. How did the popes attempt to combine their religious power with political power?
2. What was the investiture controversy and what did it lead to?
3. Western Europe was heir to what three legal traditions?
B. Monasticism
1. What are the origins of Christian monasticism?
2. In Western Europe, what did Benedict of Nursia (480–547) do?
3. Monasteries served a number of functions, including?
4. Why was it difficult for the Catholic hierarchy to exercise oversight over the monasteries?
IV. Kievan Russia, 900–1200
A. The Rise of the Kievan Empire
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1. Russia includes territory that stretched from?
2. What emerged in Russia as peoples of different language and ethnic groups became organized?
3. What was the most important cities for early Russia?
4. Who is Vladimir I and why is he important?
6. What led to a decline of Kievan Russia after 1100?
B. Society and Culture
1. Why did the political power of the Kievan state rely more on trade than it did on landholding?
2. Why did Christianity spread slowly in the Kievan state?
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V. Western Europe Revives, 1000–1200
A. The Role of Technology
1. What happened as Western Europe’s population and agricultural production increased in the period
from 1000–1200?
2. Why do historians agree that technology played a significant role in European population growth from
1000–1200?
B. Cities and the Rebirth of Trade
1. Why did independent, self-governing cities emerge first in Italy and Flanders?
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2. In Italy, what happen as Venice emerged as a dominant sea power?
VI. The Crusades, 1095–1204
A. The Roots of the Crusades
1. What were the causes of the Crusades?
2. Why are the Crusades considered a series of Christian military campaigns against Muslims?
2. Why was the Holy Land the focus of the Crusades?
B. The Impact of the Crusades
1. What was the overall impact of the Crusades for Muslims and Christians?