CHAPTER 2
A Brief History of Punishments and Corrections
TEST BANK
Multiple Choice Questions
1) With regard to punishment the ancient Greeks favored:
a: stoning offenders
b: crucifying offenders
c: disemboweling offenders
d: all of the above
2) At the close of the fifteenth century, nearly all felonies were punishable by
a: death
b: stocks
c: workhouses
d: pressing
3) The Auburn Prison system was located in:
a: Pennsylvania
b: Alabama
c: New York
d: Massachusetts
4) With regard to the Auburn Prison System the following is true:
a: It was originally called the “Newgate Prison” and opened in 1797.
b: The prisons worst inmates followed a strict regimen of both physical and social isolation.
c: A relaxed style seemed to provide a less stressful environment for the prisoners and made them more
cooperative.
d: a and b
5) Captain Alexander Maconochie’s ideas for a penal system included:
a: a system that punished bad behavior and rewarded positive behavior
b: marks of commendation based on marks given for good behavior
c: a system where employees earned money to be used when freed for good behavior
d: none of the above
6) With regard to penal reform, Enoch Cobb Wines believed:
a: in progression through the steps based on a system of marks
b: that reformation took place only through a psychological retraining of the mind
c: in the power of religious training and hard work to alter the course of human lives
d: in a system that focused on the most violent offenders
7) Selective incapacitation, is defined as:
a: a group of prisoners that are left in isolation for a period of time
b: the long-term incarceration of career criminals to limit their ability to commit new crimes
c: state and federal legislators allowing the early release of offenders from prison
d: none of the above
8) Norval Morris’s book, The Future of Imprisonment (1974) was concerned with:
a: destructive conflict between the sentences meted out by judges and the treatment goals set by prison
administrators
b: the inability of the 1970s prison system to rehabilitate inmates
c: the rights of all citizens, including prison inmates, responded to calls to abandon the prison system
d: all of the above
9) Reintegration, a popular concept in the 1970s, is concerned with:
a: creating a bridge between the institution and the community
b: creating a bridge between the inmate and their families
c: reforming the prison system with a stronger rehabilitation focus
d: prisoners of varied backgrounds, races and ethnic backgrounds building strong and healthy
relationships
10) The medical model of corrections was the dominant approach to prisoner management in the early
twentieth century and included:
a: group therapy
b: behavior modification
c: vocational training
d: all of the above
11) A seventh century BCE Athenian politician and archon who altered the traditional methods of dispute
resolution and considered a harsh man was:
a: Aristotle
b: Solon
c: Draco
d: Augustus
12) Most legal principles during medieval times combined elements of:
a: Roman Catholic canon law, tribal law, and the
b: old Roman codes
c: tribal law
d: all of the above
13) In ninth century Britain, violations of the king’s peace resulted in:
a: resulted in fines ten times the normal amount or death
b: torture and banishment
c: crucifixion
d: breaking on the wheel
14) With regard to imprisonment after 476 CE, Charlemagne:
a: ordered that each county in his empire should keep a prison and maintain a gallows nearby
b: did not use prisons to confine prisoners but to punish them.
c: felt prison should be humane
d: none of the above
15) A Norman lord in the late eleventh century was responsible for the:
a: Auburn prison system
b: the Tower of London
c: the Conciergerie
d: the Palais de la Cité
16) The wergild, the value placed on a murder victim:
a: varied by the victim’s status in society
b: varied by the offenders status in society
c: paid restitution to the victim’s family so the murderer’s family could avoid a blood feud
d: a & c
17) Punishment found in Europe at the end of the Middle Ages was:
a: hanging
b: the stocks
c: starvation
d: banishment
18) Montesquieu was an unlikely revolutionary, a highborn and well-educated nobleman who wrote:
a: The True Penitent Portrayed: A Doctrine of Repentance
b: The Spirit of Laws
c: On Crimes and Punishment
d: none of the above
19) Crofton, created what came to be called the Irish ticket-of-leave system. This did not include:
a: for the first three months, inmates were placed in solitary confinement and fed reduced rations
b: inmates were given a conditional release from prison
c: inmates worked in a closed prison with many restrictions
d: working with other inmates in a prison, the hard working prisoner could earn marks for transfer to the
next stage
20) In the sixteenth century, transportation, a highly structured form of exile or banishment, was added to
the death penalty as a method for removing offenders. Two factors influenced the use of transportation.
The first factor was the introduction of “new” houses of corrections and workhouses. The second factor
was:
a: large amount of money
b: vast amounts of cheap labor
c: the age of the offender
d: the crime committed by the offender
21) The following philosopher did not influence scientific and intellectual advances that encouraged
philosophers in the belief of natural law.
a: John Locke
b: Isaac Newton
c: Baruch Spinoza
d: Graeme Newman
22) Two men, one an Englishman and one an American, translated the Age of Enlightenment’s humanism
and rationalism into philosophies of punishment. They were:
a: Locke and Newton
b: Howard and Rush
c: Maconochie and Lynds
d: Crofton and Brockway
23) Which of the following were not elements of the Auburn prison system:
a: It was more expensive to build and operate
b: It was characterized by hard work, social isolation, strict regimentation, the silent system, and corporal
punishment
c: Auburn-type prisons rarely returned a profit
d: Prison contractors found the labor unreliable and the goods manufactured shoddy
24) Which gentleman was a visitor to US prisons and disliked the US penal system?
a: William Crawford
b: Charles Dickens
c: Walter Crofton
d: Rutherford Hayes
25) The key component of the Penal Servitude Act of 1853 was:
a: parole
b: probation
c: selective incapacitation
d: retribution
26) The first stage in the reformation process developed by Zebulon Brockway that is still used today is:
a: rehabilitation
b: intake
c: marks
d: grades
27) The following was not a step in Zebulon Brockway’s treatment program in Elmira, New York:
a: intake
b: grades
c: marks earned for education, labor and behavior
d: a degree in a specific trade
28) A Scottish moralist Jeremy Bentham proposed the panopticon, or inspection house in a prison. The
following was not a criticism of the inspection house:
a: It was very predictable and inmates could tell when they were being watched.
b: The power of the inspection house model lay in its unpredictability as inmates would never know when
they were being watched.
c: In the design, Bentham had failed to incorporate enough religious contemplation.
d: The factory proposed to operate at the site would make the prison prone to corruption.
29) A study of a group of men completed by Marvin Wolfgang in the 1960s found that:
a: 25 percent of the men were repeat offenders
b: 6 percent of the participants accounted for about 50 percent of the group’s criminal behavior
c: 20 percent of the group offenders accounted for 80 percent of the group’s criminal behavior.
d: none of the above
30) One of the characteristics of the Pennsylvania prison system is:
a: that it focused on exercise of the body and mind
b: it allowed training in a field of interest
c: it was based on solitary confinement
d: in it inmates marched, worked, and ate in complete silence
True/False Statements
Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:
1) Draco a seventh century Athenian, chief magistrate was known for being harsh and for most offenses
the punishment was death.
2) The Law of Moses in the biblical book Deuteronomy was unclear about the punishment that should be
given for each offense.
3) The Babylonian King, Hammurabi was responsible for the Code of Hammurabi, which had very little
to say about crime and punishment.
4) In prehistoric times a thief who stole a bowl of fruit might be required to supply the victimized family
with fruit over a period of time.
5) The key to understanding contemporary correctional systems is an understanding of the historical and
philosophical roots of punishment.
6) In the nineteenth century, the first state penitentiary, opened in 1826 in Philadelphia.
7) The American, Benjamin Rush felt that punishment should not be public and that offenders’
reformation could be achieved through punishment that encouraged penance.
8) The Pennsylvania prison system was known for a structured environment where inmates marched,
worked, and ate in complete silence.
9) Captain Alexander Maconochie arrived in Australia to become the superintendent of the penal colony
at Van Diemen’s Land. His goal was to provide harsh enough punishments so that offenders would not
commit reoffend.
10) Well known author Charles Dickens was very fond of the US penal system and visited prisons to gain
understanding of their success.
11) The Auburn prison system was known for the silent system and the lockstep shuffle.
12) Alexander Maconochie was known for the creation of the Irish ticket-of-leave system.
13) Rutherford B. Hayes, who later became a US president, was responsible for holding the first National
Congress on Penitentiary and Reformatory Discipline in Cincinnati.
14) Jeremy Bentham’s proposal of building a panopticon, or inspection house, as a part of the prison was
widely received and implemented.
15) In the twentieth century the medical model of corrections was the dominant approach to prisoner
management.
16) Rehabilitation and other forms of treatment are the primary goals of corrections systems within the
justice model.
17) Cesare Beccaria is known for his book On Crimes and Punishments, which influenced generations of
legal and penal reformers.
18) Humane treatment, productive labor, and sanitary living conditions were all concerns incorporated in
the Penitentiary Act of 1779.
19) The Auburn prison system, rather than the Pennsylvania prison system is most like our prison systems
today.
20) The Irish ticket-of-leave system was known for its three stages and was available to inmates serving
three or more years.
Fill in the Blanks
1) Draco, a seventh century Athenian politician and chief magistrate had a reputation for being a harsh
man which gave meaning to the word ________________.
2) The Roman’s first major civil and criminal code was called the________ _________.
3) Justinian 1, emperor in Constantinople had legal experts make a few changes to the old laws. The
punishments were those of old Rome and the penal sections were very brief. This was known as the
___________ _______.
4) The ________ __ ________and the _________ were royal buildings that were seldom used for
incarceration in the Middle Ages and when they were, the prisoners generally were awaiting the “pleasure
of the monarch” or were being confined because they were politically too dangerous to run free or too
well connected to be executed.
5) The following punishments were popular in England at the time and found their way into the English
colonies as well the _________, ________________, _____ ______, and _________________.
6) Cesare Beccaria’s crowning work was his book titled _______ __________ ______ _____ and
influenced generations of legal and penal reformers.
7) The ____________ ___________was an imprisonment method where offenders were kept in solitary
confinement.
8) The British penal colony at _______ _________ _______ emphasized prisoners’ reformation and
reintegration into society.
9) The key component of the Penal Servitude Act of 1853 was ____________.
10) Walter Crofton created the ________ ____________ __________ which consisted of four stages.
11) The Austrian born wife ___________ _________ of Louis XVI, was a prisoner taken from the
Conciergerie and executed.
12) Wites and laws in Saxon England were recorded in royal proclamations called ________.
13) The lex talionis in the _______ ________ ______is not surprising. It stated that “Your eye shall not
pity; it shall be life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot!”
14) During the _________________, a time of discovery and enlightenment, the gallows had assumed a
central role in capital punishments.
15) In the area of ________________ , located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, the first legal
system began to take form.
16) The law that governs churches, especially the Roman Catholic Church is known as the _________
___________.
17) Zebulon Brockway’s most important contributions to corrections were made in a small town in
upstate New York called ____________, where he became superintendent.
18) The ________ __________of corrections was the dominant approach to prisoner management in the
early twentieth century.
19) David Fogel criticized the level of discretion exercised by officials charged with administering the
medical model and developed a new perspective named the ____________ ____________.
20) State and federal legislators began to limit the early release of offenders from prison and to pass
_________ ______________that would send others to prison for life.
Matching
Match the following list of words with the statements below:
A) parole; B) Benjamin Rush; C) jus gentium; D) reintegration; E) jus civile; F) Tower of London; G)
silent system; H) Walter Crofton; I) lex salica; J) natural law
_______ 1) A concept that provided a bridge between institution and community.
_______ 2) The key component of the Penal Servitude Act of 1853.
_______ 3) Director of the Irish prison system and creator of the Irish ticket-of-leave system.
_______ 4) Legal customs of the ancient Germanic tribes.
_______ 5) A highly regarded physician who began his brief career as a penal reformer, was a signer of
the Declaration of Independence and one who counted Thomas Jefferson and John Adams as friends.
_______ 6) A legal system that dealt exclusively with relationships between Romans.
_______ 7) A system of rules and principles growing out of, and conforming to, human nature that can be
discovered through reason, without knowledge of or reference to society’s artificial laws.
_______ 8) This is a sought after tourist destination, an arsenal, a museum, and the home of the queen's
jewels.
_______ 9) A system used in the Auburn Prison where inmates marched, worked, and ate in complete
silence.
_______ 10) A legal system that dealt with the laws for foreigners.