Cell Biology
Structure and Function
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Cell Theory
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List the contributions of the
following to the development of cell
theory.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Hooke
Schleiden
Schwann and
Virchow
State the cell theory
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Microscope
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Microscope first made in 1600’s
Anton van Leeuwenhoek, a dutch
biologist saw tiny water organisms
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Robert Hooke
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Englishman
Observed slices of cork under
microscope
Named spaces “cells”, because
they looked like a monastery room.
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Matthias Schleiden
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German botanist
Found all plants are made of cells.
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Theodor Schwann
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Found all animals are made of
cells.
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Rudolf Virchow
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1855 of Germany
Found all cells arise from the
division of pre-existing cells.
OR
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Cell Theory
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All living things are composed of
cells, whether one or trillions.
Cells are the basic unit of structure
and function in living things.
All cells come from pre-existing
cells.
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Review page 180
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Microscopes
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Compound Light
Microscope Uses
lenses to bend light
rays
 Has an objective lens
(5x,10x,20x,40x,60x,80x,
100x)
 Has an eye piece lens
(10x)
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Transmission electron
Uses negative electron
microscope
charges to make an
image on a screen
50,000x magnification
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Scanning Electron Microscope
False color images
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Sprays metal dust on
object. Metal gives
off electrons which
are detected and
drawn on screen
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Glowing Fluorescent protein
Taken from jellyfish
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Mitochondria
Attached to DNA and
produces a glowing
protein that allows
tracking of proteins
in cells.
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Cell structure
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Identify and give the function of the
cell structures.
Compare the structure of the cell
membrane to the cell wall.
Distinguish between prokaryotes
and eukaryotes.
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Prokaryotes
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No nucleus
Contain DNA,
strings like
spaghetti
Contain tiny
spheres called
ribosomes
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Eukaryotes
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Have a
nucleus
containing
DNA
Contain many
membrane
bound
organelles
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http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm
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Cell Structures
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Cell membrane
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Cell Membrane
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Regulates what goes out and
comes in.
 door,
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phone, trash, groceries
Made of a double layer of
phospholipids
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Membrane continued...
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Stationary Proteins are stuck in the
bilayer
Carbohydrates stick to proteins to
serve as identifiers to other cells
Free moving proteins are doors
which pump molecules in or out
 (Alleys
for molecules to exit and
enter the cell)
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Cell Wall
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Found in plants, algae, some
bacteria.
Made of 2 or more layers.
Protects, supports, surrounds cell
membrane
Porous (has holes) to allow water,
oxygen, and carbon dioxide to
pass.
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Wall Layers
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1st layer is between 2 cells.
Buffer layer
Made of cellulose & pectin
 Pectin
is a sticky glue
 Cellulose is elastic
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2nd wall layer
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Trees have Seconary cell wall
Made of cellulose and lignin
 lignin
provides rigidity
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Cell walls stain
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Purple for Gram
Positive
 Staphylococcus
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Red for Gram
Negative
E
coli
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Nucleus
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Prokaryotic cells (bacteria) don’t have
a nucleus
Eukaryotic cells have nucleus
Directs cell activity (Boss)
reproduction
production of proteins, lipids,
enzymes, carbohydrates, and other
nucleic acids
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Nucleus continued...
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Contains DNA
 blue
print for construction of body
 long chain of DNA = chromosome
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2-5 micrometers in diameter
Surrounded by 2 membranes
called the Nuclear Envelope.
Contains dozens of pores (doors to
nucleus)
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Inside the nucleus
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Nucleolus
 Contains
RNA- serves as copier of
DNA
 Ribosomes- aid in protein
production
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6 feet of Chromosomes bunched
and attached to special round
proteins
Half of DNA is passed to offspring
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RNA
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Three types
Messenger RNA
 Single
strand that takes the copy of
DNA to make proteins
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Transfer RNA
 Attaches
an amino acid to a triplet
of bases on messenger RNA.
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Ribosomal RNA
 Helps
the amino acid, tRNA,
mRNA hold together
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Cytoplasm
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Area between nucleus and cell
membrane
Contains many structures floating
in a liquid gel
Contains carbohydrates, proteins,
amino acids, lipids, water, oxygen,
carbon dioxide, and enzymes.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Long structure that helps make
and store proteins. The factory of
the cell
Two types
 Rough
E.R. Studded with
Ribosomes- makes proteins.
 Smooth E.R. makes lipids and
stores proteins.
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Golgi Apparatus
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Transports proteins, hormones,
carbohydrates outside the cell.
Blob shaped
The truckers of the cell
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Lysosome
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Blob structure that cleans up
wastes and invaders by engulfing
and digesting them.
Janitor of the cell
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Vacuole
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Stores water for plant cells. Very
large in plants
Animal cells have smaller
vacuoles.
These gather excess water and
transport it out of the cell.
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Mitochondria
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Rod shaped
Have folds inside where energy is
produced.
Have their own DNA
 Passed
to children through the
mother
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Plastids
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Store pigments or starch
Chloroplasts in plants store green
chlorophyll for photosynthesis
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Centrioles
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Made of protein
Cylinders that are used during cell
reproduction.
Act as anchors or winches
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Cytoskeleton
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Provides support, made of protein
Microtubules
Microfilaments
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Review page 193
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