• 1. What criteria should we use?
• 2. How do we define it?
• 3. What causes it?
2

• Air bath man
• Woman afraid of snakes
• Mountain boy
• Teenage girl
3

• Persistently harmful thoughts, feelings, and actions.
• Must have the 3 D’s:
– Deviant
– Distressful
– Dysfunctional
4

• Deviant –
– Behavior in one culture may be considered normal, while in others it may lead to arrest.
• Distressful
– Causes pain, suffering, etc.
• Dysfunctional
– Interferes/impairs a normal life
5

6

Understanding Psychological
Disorders
• Ancient Treatments of psychological disorders include
– trephination
– Exorcism
– being caged like animals,
– being beaten,
– burned,
– castrated,
– mutilated,
– transfused with animal’s blood.
7

8

• Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) from France, insisted that madness was not due to demonic possession, but an ailment of the mind.
• Remove the chains and replace with gentleness
Dance in the madhouse.
9

• Concept that diseases have physical causes
• These can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured
• Do we believe this today?
10

• Assumes that biological, socio-cultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders.
11

• You walk into a psychiatrist’s office wanting to be diagnosed
• What do they do?
• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
– DSM-V (2013)
• Describes 400 psychological disorders compared to 60 in the
1950s.
12

13

Axis I
Axis II
Axis III
Is a Clinical Syndrome (cognitive, anxiety, mood disorders [16 syndromes]) present?
Is a Personality Disorder or Mental Retardation present?
Is a General Medical Condition (diabetes, hypertension or arthritis etc) also present?
Axis IV
Axis V
Are Psychosocial or Environmental Problems
(school or housing issues) also present?
What is the Global Assessment of the person’s functioning?
14

1. Describe (400) disorders.
2. Determine how prevalent the disorder is.
Criticisms
• Creates a stigma when person is labeled
• Ethical questions – murder trials with “insanity”
15

• What is anxiety?
• What if you experienced that a lot?
1. Generalized anxiety disorders
2. Phobias
3. Panic disorders
4. Obsessive-compulsive disorders
16

17

• 1. Persistent and uncontrollable tenseness and apprehension.
• 2. Autonomic arousal.
• 3. Inability to identify or avoid the cause of certain feelings.
18

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YLrO6g
GtDD4
19

• Minute-long episodes of intense dread
• Feelings of terror, chest pains, choking, or other frightening sensations.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=277Q8dsArhI
20

• Marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that disrupts behavior.
21

Agoraphobia Phobia of open places.
Acrophobia Phobia of heights.
Claustrophobia Phobia of closed spaces.
Hemophobia Phobia of blood.
22

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
• Persistence of:
– 1. Unwanted thoughts ( obsessions )
– 2. Urges to engage in senseless rituals
( compulsions ) that cause distress.
23

• A PET scan of the brain of a person with Obsessive-
Compulsive Disorder (OCD).
• High metabolic activity
(red) in the frontal lobe areas are involved with directing attention.
Brain image of an OCD
24

• Howard Hughes
• Howie Mandel
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSZNnz9SM4 g&feature=related
25

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Four or more weeks of the following symptoms constitute post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD):
1. Haunting memories
2. Nightmares
3. Social withdrawal
4. Jumpy anxiety
5. Sleep problems
26

• Only about 10% of women and 20% of men react to traumatic situations and develop PTSD.
• Holocaust survivors have shown remarkable resilience against traumatic situations.
• All major religions of the world suggest that surviving a trauma leads to the growth of an individual.
27

• Why do they start?
• Repression
• Observational learning
• Classical Conditioning
• Biological Causes – natural selection, genes, brain
28

• Psychological Disorders characterized by emotional extremes
1. Major depressive disorder
2. Bipolar disorder
29

• Depression is the “common cold” of psychological disorders.
• In a year, 5.8% of men and 9.5% of women report depression worldwide (WHO, 2002).
Blue mood
Gasping for air after a hard run
Major Depressive Disorder
Chronic shortness of breath
30

• Signs of depression last two weeks or more and are not caused by drugs or medical conditions.
1. Lethargy and fatigue
2. Feelings of worthlessness
3. Loss of interest in family & friends
4. Loss of interest in activities
31

32

33

34

Explanatory style plays a major role in becoming depressed.
35

• What do you know about bipolar?
• Formerly called manic-depressive disorder.
• An alternation between depression and mania signals bipolar disorder.
Depressive Symptoms
Gloomy
Withdrawn
Inability to make decisions
Tired
Slowness of thought
Manic Symptoms
Elation
Euphoria
Desire for action
Hyperactive
Multiple ideas
36

• What do they have in common?
• Many great writers, poets, and composers suffered from bipolar disorder.
• During their manic phase creativity surged, but not during their depressed phase.
Whitman Wolfe Clemens Hemingway
37

• Bio-psycho-social?
• Gender differences
• Increasing suicide rates, especially teens
• Run in family (genes for depression?)
• Reduction of serotonin
• Brain areas
• Thought processes
38

• What have you heard about schizophrenia?
• If depression is the common cold of psychological disorders, schizophrenia is the cancer .
• Nearly 1 in a 100 suffer from schizophrenia
39

40

• “Split Mind”
1. Disorganized and delusional thinking.
2. Disturbed perceptions.
3. Inappropriate emotions and actions.
41

• “This morning when I was at Hillside [Hospital], I was making a movie. I was surrounded by movie stars … I’m Marry Poppins. Is this room painted blue to get me upset? My grandmother died four weeks after my eighteenth birthday.”
• Delusions – “I’m Mary Poppins”
– False beliefs
– Often of persecution or grandeur
42

2. Disturbed Perceptions
• Hallucinations – Perceive things that are not there (Voices, noises)
• Some see, feel, taste, or smell things that are not there
43

• A schizophrenic person may laugh at the news of someone dying or show no emotion
• May continually rub an arm, rock a chair, or remain motionless for hours ( catatonia ).
44

45

Positive and Negative Symptoms
• Positive symptoms – have inappropriate symptoms that are not present in normal individuals
– hallucinations, disorganized thinking, deluded ways
• Negative symptoms – have an absence of appropriate symptoms that are present in normal individuals
– apathy, expressionless faces, rigid bodies
46

Chronic and Acute Schizophrenia
• Chronic/process – slow to develop
– Recovery is doubtful
– Negative symptoms
• Acute/reactive – rapidly develops
– Recovery is better
– Positive symptoms
47

48

Schizophrenia is a disease of the brain exhibited by the symptoms of the mind.
Brain Abnormalities
Dopamine Overactivity: Researchers found that schizophrenic patients express higher levels of dopamine D4 receptors in the brain.
49

• Brain scans show abnormal activity in the frontal cortex, thalamus, and amygdala of schizophrenic patients.
• Adolescent schizophrenic patients also have brain lesions.
50

• Schizophrenia patients may exhibit morphological changes in the brain like enlargement of fluid-filled ventricles.
51

Schizophrenia has also been observed in individuals who contracted a viral infection
(flu) during the middle of their fetal development.
52

The likelihood of an individual suffering from schizophrenia is 50% if their identical twin has the disease (Gottesman, 1991).
Identical
Both parents
Fraternal
One parent
Sibling
Nephew or niece
Unrelated
0 10 20 30 40 50
53

The following shows the prevalence of schizophrenia in identical twins as seen in different countries.
54

Psychological and environmental factors can trigger schizophrenia if the individual is genetically predisposed (Nicols & Gottesman,
1983).
The genetically identical
Genain sisters suffer from schizophrenia. Two more than others, thus there are contributing environmental factors.
55
Genain Sisters

Early warning signs of schizophrenia include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
A mother’s long lasting schizophrenia.
Birth complications, oxygen deprivation and low-birth weight.
Short attention span and poor muscle coordination.
Disruptive and withdrawn behavior.
Emotional unpredictability.
Poor peer relations and solo play.
56

• 1. What are the three categories of symptoms for schizophrenia?
• 2. What are delusions?
• 3. What are hallucinations?
• 4. Name three subtypes of schizophrenia.
• 5. What are the differences between positive and negative symptoms?
57

• What does it mean to “dissociate?”
– Disconnect, separate
58

• Dissociative Identity Disorder
• Two or more distinct identities
59

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BZ3fl1
8XQ0A
60

• Characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.
• They are usually without anxiety, depression, or delusions.
– Avoidant personality disorder
– Schizoid personality disorder
– Histrionic personality disorder
– Narcissistic personality disorder
– Borderline personality disorder
61

Antisocial Personality Disorder
• “Sociopath” or “Psychopath”
• Exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members.
– Usually men
• Lies, steals, fights, displays unrestrained sexual behavior
62

• Unable to keep a job, irresponsible as a spouse and parent, assaultive, criminal
• Most criminals do not fit
– They show concern for their friends and family
• Antisocial – fear and feel little
63

• Confessed to bludgeoned, suffocated, stabbed, shot, or mutilated 360 women, men, and children
• “Once I’ve done a crime, I just forget it.”
• “I think of killing like smoking a cigarette, like another habit.”
64

Understanding Antisocial
Personality Disorder
• Biological and psychological reasons.
• Youngsters, before committing a crime, respond with lower levels of stress hormones than others do at their age.

Understanding Antisocial
Personality Disorder
• PET scans of 41 murderers revealed reduced activity in the frontal lobes.
• In a follow-up study repeat offenders had 11% less frontal lobe activity compared to normals
Normal Murderer
66

Understanding Antisocial
Personality Disorder
The likelihood that one will commit a crime doubles when childhood poverty is compounded with pregnancy complications
67

Rates of Psychological Disorders
68

Rates of Psychological Disorders
The prevalence of psychological disorders during the previous year is shown below (WHO, 2004).
69

Risk and protective factors for mental disorders
(WHO, 2004).
70

71