Colonial Regions: Comparison Chart
How do the Southern Colonies and New England compare???
Establishment and Motive:
SOUTHERN COLONIES
Establishment and Motive:
Maryland, 1632-- “proprietary” colony to Lord Baltimore, Catholic refuge
*Virginia, 1607-- Va. Company of London, Joint-Stock company, business/ profit
Carolinas, 1663-- “proprietary” to group who was loyal to King
during English Civil War, attracted “excess” population from
Barbados seeking profit
Georgia, 1732– “proprietary” to James Oglethorpe as
debtors colony and buffer against Spanish Florida
NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
Establishment:
New Hampshire, 1623– Pilgrims, fishing outpost
*Massachusetts, 1620– Mass. Bay Company
100 Pilgrims on Mayflower establish Plymouth
1630s, 700 - 20,000 Puritans “Great Migration”
settle Massachusetts Bay
Rhode Island, 1636-- Roger Williams, refuge for
Puritan dissidents
Connecticut, 1636-- Thomas Hooker, religious
freedom from Puritans in
Massachusetts
NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
Motive:
Religious Freedom.
English Calvinists escaping religious persecution at home
(believed in John Calvin’s teachings about Predestinationonly “elect”/ “covenanted saints” going to Heaven)
Two types settle Mass.:
1. Pilgrims-- Separatists (Church of England
could not be reformed)
2. Puritans-- Non-Separatists (reform/ “purify”
Church of England/ Anglican Church
from its Catholic elements)
***Covenant Community-- “We shall be as
a City on a Hill” Winthrop
John Winthrop
What do the Puritans dislike about the
Church of England (described as too Catholic?)
Catholic pulpit
Puritan pulpit
What do Puritans dislike about the
Church of England (described as too Catholic?)
Catholic: Hierarchy
Puritan: Hierarchy
Minister
Pope
Cardinals
Congregation
Bishops
Priests
Parishio
What do the Puritans dislike about the
Church of England (described as too Catholic?)
Catholic: Salvation
Selling Indulgences
Puritan: Salvation
Predestination (John Calvin)
Colonial Regions: Comparison Chart
How do the Southern Colonies and New England compare???
Family/ Community:
SOUTHERN COLONIES
Family/ Community:
Young single men looking to make money,
few women (5 to 1) in Chesapeake
Unstable– high death rates for young adults
(few lived past late 30s or 40s) left a record number
of orphans
Population growth from immigration, not natural increase
in Chesapeake
SOUTHERN COLONIES
Family/ Community:
Population spread out on farms located along rivers, controlled by elite
(*Deference to upper class who were viewed as natural ruling class.)
Cavaliers– English nobility who received large land grants in Eastern Virginia
EX. Robert “King” Carter300,000 acres in eastern Va.,
1,000 slaves,money from tobacco exports
Status based on family name, ownership of land, success as a planter
(show-off wealth in horses, clothing, homes, gardens, furniture and china)
Shirley Plantation (Carter family)
Flying Staircase
Westover Plantation (William Byrd II)
Wealth distribution in colonial Virginia
1% 1,000 lbs
100s of slaves
2% 500-1,000 lbs
22 slaves
21% 100-500 lbs
1-5 slaves
***75% less than 100 lbs
Tobacco for taxes, mostly
subsistence
SOUTHERN COLONIES
Family/ Community:
“Backcountry” behind the Fall Line
settled by the “lower sort”
(eye gouging v. dueling)
**Scots-Irish, German immigrants
NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
Family/ Community:
Families traveled together.
Stable-- healthy climate, equal ratio men to women,
population grows from natural increase even when
Puritan immigration declines during English Civil War
NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
Family/ Community:
Homes in towns– strong sense of community.
Watch out for each other and guard against sin—
abide by the Covenant Community standards.
Status in community based on religious standing.
New England community
Colonial Regions: Comparison Chart
How do the Southern Colonies and New England compare???
Education:
SOUTHERN COLONIES
Education:
“I thank God, there are no free schools nor printing…and
I hope we shall not have these hundred years; for learning
has brought disobedience, and heresy, and sects into the
world, and printing has divulged them, and libels against
the best government. God keep up from both.”
Virginia’s Royal Governor, William Berkley (1671)
Public education does not exist in South until after
Civil War!!! Only for wealthy who would often send their
children to Europe or hire private tutors.
NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
Education:
Valued education for members of the community
-- literacy required to read the Bible.
Old Deluder Act-- required towns with 50 households to
appoint a teacher, 100 households grammar school
(1st to est. a college – Harvard, 1636)
(1st to est. a printing press– sermons, almanacs, bios.)
Emphasis on journal keeping and reflection to know
if you were member of “elect”
Colonial Regions: Comparison Chart
How do the Southern Colonies and New England compare???
Government:
SOUTHERN COLONIES
Government:
House of Burgesses, Williamsburg
Elected assemblies (male/ wealth)
(Virginia House of Burgesses—
Today–
Virginia General Assembly)
In Virginia, the Royal Governor
chosen by British Crown
In proprietorships, Governor
chosen by proprietor
***Maintains closest ties to
England-- Also maintains
allegiance to Church of England/
Anglican Church
Governor’s Mansion, Williamsburg
NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
Government:
Mayflower Compact-- est. by
Pilgrims in 1620 for Civil Government
***roots of American democracy
Covenant Community-- town was
basic unit of government where
decisions would be made by system of
“direct democracy”/ vote“Athenian Democracy.” Purpose
of General Court to establish towns.
Only church members allowed to
participate.
Colonial Regions: Comparison Chart
How do the Southern Colonies and New England compare???
Economy/ Labor System:
SOUTHERN COLONIES
Economy/ Labor System:
Chesapeake and Tidewater-- Hot/ Humid climate allows for “cash crops”
Backcountry– “Subsistence” farming, Hunting, Trade
M.D.
FALL LINE
Back Country
N.C.
Chesapeake
“Low Country”
Virginia and N.C. “Cash Crop”TOBACCO “Brown Gold”
*Very labor intensive and impacts
way of life
(Symbolic World of Tobacco Planter)
“Low Country” Cash Crop
South Carolina, GeorgiaRICE, rely on freshwater swamps,
floodgates used to regulate water
Eliza Lucas PinckneyDeveloped INDIGO plant in S.C.
Eve of Revolution, 65 million lbs/year
Harvest and processing
Drying yarn dyed with indigo
Absence of diversified economy, South must
import finish goods that they do not produce at
home
Charles Town
Charles Town, S.C. –
est. 1670 only major port city in
South before Baltimore MD in the 1750s
SOUTHERN COLONIES
Economy/ Labor System:
Indentured Servitude (16071660s)
race-based Slavery (1660s1865)
Slavery-- unwilling
Indenture-- willing
NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
Economy/ Labor System:
Cooler climate, rocky soil did NOT allow for production
of “cash crops”-Varied economy based on shipbuilding,
fishing, lumbering, subsistence farming,
and eventually manufacturing.
Family (“little commonwealth”)
was backbone of labor force
Strong belief in hard work
and thrift-Everyone had a “calling”
Puritan Children
Colonial Regions: Comparison Chart
How do the Southern Colonies and New England compare???
Conflict:
SOUTHERN COLONIES
Conflict:
1622 Indian Uprising- Opecancanough attempts to wipe-out Jamestown
Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)
Thousands of former indentured servants on the “fringe”–
unhappy with depressed tobacco prices, Indian attacks,
and power of wealthy planters.
Nathaniel Bacon leads attack on Royal Governor Berkley.
SOUTHERN COLONIES
Conflict:
Slave population grows in 1700s
(40% Virginia, 80-90% S.C.)
Resistance:
Everyday-- (breaking tools, stealing, pretending to be sick/
do not understand directions, work slowdowns)
Resistance:
Active/ Violent— (poisoning, running away, rebellions)
Stono Rebellion (S.C.) Nat Turner/ Gabriel Prosser (VA.)
NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
Conflict:
At first peaceful (famous image of Thanksgiving/ Squanto, etc.) but overtime
English came in conflict with natives over land:
Pequot War (1637)- English attack on Indian fort at
West Mystic, Connecticut was considered brutal and the beginning of the
end for Pequot tribe (Treaty of Hartford took away Pequot land and name)
NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
Conflict:
At first peaceful (famous image of Thanksgiving/ Squanto, etc.) but overtime
English came in conflict with natives:
King Philip’s War (1676) -- New England attacked by Wampanoag Indians
over continued harassment by Puritans and threat to their land. Death of
Metacom (King Philip) marked defeat of Native resistance.
NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
Conflict:
Most conflict from within.
***Dissenters– “Covenant Community” enforced by banishing/ executing
dissenters--individuals unwilling to abide by Puritan rules
***Dissenters–:
Roger Williams
-Argued separation of church and
state
-Banished (1635) founded R.I.
-“Rogues Island” for Mass.
dissenters
●
NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
Conflict:
***Dissenters–:
2. Anne Hutchinson
-Argued her minister was not
“elect”
-Held private Bible study in her
home
-Claimed to have direct revelation
-Banished (1638) to R.I.
-Killed in N.Y. by Indians (1643)
NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
Conflict:
***Dissenters–:
3. Mary Dyer
●
Banished (1638) to R.I. along with
Hutchinson for believing in
direct revelation, later executed
when she returned as a Quaker
●
Puritans exhume her stillborn fetus
as “proof” of God’s punishment
“…it had a face, but no head, and the ears stood upon the shoulders and
were like an ape’s; it had no forehead, but over the eyes four horns, hard
and sharp; two of them were above one inch long, the other two shorter;
the eyes standing out, and the mouth also; the nose hooked upward; all
over the breast and back full of sharp pricks and scales…it had two
mouths, and in each of them a piece of red flesh sticking out; it had arms
and legs as other children; but, instead of toes, it had on each foot three
claws, like a young fowl, with sharp talons.”
NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
Conflict:
*** Simple growth resulted in a 2nd generation of “Puritans without Passion”
Problem: 2nd generation unwilling to go through
conversion experience (less than ½ were “saints” by 1650)
*only children of saints can be baptized
Solution: Half-Way Covenant (1662)
Offered 2nd generation half-membership (only accept church
covenant) so that their children may be baptized
NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
Conflict:
Salem Witch Trials- 1692 (film clip shown in class)
- Reverend Samuel Parris' daughter dies of mysterious causes
- Witchcraft blamed/ Tituba
- Social outcasts/ women accused
(Sarah Good, SarahOsborne)
- Spectral Evidence allowed
- Witchcraft hysteria claims the life/ reputation of many only
to stop when many prominent members of society (like
governor's wife) are accused
- Outcome of religious fervor, fear of Indian attacks/
punishment for sin, competition between Salem Town and
Salem Village
How do the Middle Colonies compare???
MIDDLE COLONIES:
Establishment:
New York, 1664– “proprietary” to Duke of York
New Jersey, 1664– “proprietary” Sir George Carteret and
(east/west)
Lord Berkley-- but also others???
*Pennsylvania, 1681– “proprietary” to William Penn
Delaware, 1682 -- named after Lord De la Warr, land
disputed between proprietors of MD and Penn
MIDDLE COLONIES:
Motive:
Pennsylvania-Refuge for Quakers (Society of Friends)
and as a “Holy Experiment” where
persecuted
could worship freely
Quakers believed:
Everyone had the “Inner Light”
Equality– no tipping of hat, “thee” and “thou,”
plain clothes
Pacifists-- teaching love not hate/ violence
William Penn
Family/ Community:
Penn advertised in all languages—
Families took advantage of
generous land grants/ 50 acres per
head
“Best Poor Man’s Country”
“ a very mixed company of different
nations and religions…
In addition to Scots, English, Dutch,
Germans, and Irish there are Roman
Catholics, Presbyterians, Quakers,
Methodists, Seventh day men,
Moravians, Anabaptists,
French Huguenots, and Jews.
Our chiefest unhappiness here is too
great a mixture of Nations.”
Travel Account, 1740
Farms spread out, but cities provided
centers of trade and culture
Philadelphia (“City of Brotherly Love”)
Planned community—
grid pattern with green space
*** Most Diverse and
Tolerant/ Flexible Social structure
Education:
Diversity of people encourages
freedom of thought in Philadelphia
***Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin
illustrates mobility of self- educated
“common man” in Pennsylvania
Franklin establishes
Philosophical Society and Library
System,
author of Poor Richard’s Almanac
"An Investment in knowledge pays the best interest.“
Benjamin Franklin
Government:
Proprietor selected royal governor.
Pennsylvania:
Unicameral legislature, elected
assembly
No religious test and very little
land required to vote -**most males could vote
Economy/ Labor System:
Shipbuilding, farming, and trade
*Philadelphia and New York
Philadelphia
Largest city in Colonial America with
18,000 people on eve of Am.
Revolution
Middle class of skilled artisans,
entrepreneurs (business owners)
and small farmers
*Labor mostly accomplished by
family
and white servants-not a large demand for slaves
Conflict:
Pennsylvania:
Overall, associated with peace
(Penn
even purchases land from the
Natives.)
2nd Generation less interested in
Penn’s vision of a “Holy
Experiment”—
Example: Walking Purchase 1737
New York:
Jacob Leisler’s Rebellion, 1689-caused by Dominion of New
England
(Crown’s attempt to control colonies
as a group) threatened elected
assemblies. King James’ abdicates
thrown and “Glorious Revolution” by