Keyboarding






Eyes on Copy
Fingers Curved
Correct Fingers
Key with Smooth Motions
Forearms parallel to Slant of Keyboard
Proper sitting Posture
 Body
Centered
 Feet Flat on Floor
History of
Computers
History Overview
 Counting

Man started off by counting on his digit
 Primitive

Calendar
Stonehenge
 Abacus

First “Automatic Computer
Forefathers of Computing
Gottfried Wilhelm
Charles Babbage
Blaise Pascal
 Blaise Pascal
 The First Mechanical
Calculator
 Pascal’s Gear System
 Like
an odometer
 Charles Babbage
 The Difference Engine
 Never

built
Analytical Engine
Hermann


Hollerith
Tabulating Machine
Started IBM
 Alan

Turning
Sample Turning Machine
 Mauckley

ENIAC & EDVAC
 John


and Ekert
Von Neuman
worked with Mauchly and Eckert on
the design for EDVAC
UNIVAC
Advances in the 1950’s
 Transistors

Freedom from vacuum tubes, which were
extremely bulky
 Integrated

Circuits
Allowed the placement of many transistors
into a small area.
 Both
these advances enables machines
to become smaller and more economical
to build and maintain
The Altair
 Bill
Gates and Paul Allen in 1975
approached Ed Roberts if MITS, the
company who developed the Altair, and
promised to deliver the BASIC complier.
 They did so and
from the sale
Microsoft was born
Creation of Microsoft
 BASIC-
Beginner’s All-Purpose Symbolic
Instruction Code



Developed by Kemeny and Kurtz in 1964.
two mathematicians at Dartmouth
Simple, easy-to-understand syntax allowed
students to quickly learn it.
Provided ease of programming and easier
debugging than machine code or
assembly
Other Languages



FORTRAN


FORmula Translator
Used for science, math, & engineering


Developed by Niklaus Wirth in the 60’s
Disciplined approach to structure and data
description
PASCAL
COBOL

Common Business Oriented Language


C


Data description stored separately from the
pgram.
Derivative of ALGOL
It and its decendant’s very popular today for
system programming
The PC Explosion

IBM




Apple





Acorn released under the unassuming name PC in 1981
1984, 286-AT
Whole Host of clones introduced & Compaq releases a
portable
Apple II, 1977
Apple III, 1980
Lisa, 1983; first machine with a mouse and graphical user
interface
Macintosh introducted in 1984
Other



TRS-80 from Radio Shack 1977
Commodore PET 1980’s
1981, journalist Adam Osborn commissions design of
Osborne I which used CP/M
PCs Today
 Fast
 Graphical


User Interfaces (GUI)
Allows you to use a mouse to control the
computer
Can run thousands of different sets of
instructions (programs)
Its All Geek to Me
Computer Basics
The Information
Processing Cycle
INPUT DEVICES (Hardware)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Keyboard
Mouse
Microphone
Scanner
Touch screens
Bar code scanner
Voice recognition
Auxiliary Storage Device
OUTPUT DEVICES (HARDWARE)
• Monitor: soft copy
• Printers: hard copy
• Projector
• Voice and music speakers
ROM
RAM
READ ONLY MEMORY
RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY
• Small
• Instructions are installed
permanently at the
factory
• Cannot be changed
• These instructions check
the computer’s resources
and looks for Operating
System
• Main Memory
• Temporary—it is erased
when turned off.
• It is where programs and
data is stored while being
processed
MEMORY PROCESSING HARDWARE
• Central Processing Unit: CPU
• The Brains or Intelligence of the computer.
• Controls input and output
• interprets instructions
• executes instructions.
• Silicon chip: integrated circuit board
• Pentium: name give to a particular chip
• Hertz: the speed of the CPU
• Gigahertz: executes a billion instructions per second
• Megahertz: executes a million instructions per second
PROCESSING HARDWARE
• Mainframe: large, powerful, serving many connected
terminals. Super Computers
• Minicomputer: mid-sized, serves more than one user at a time
• Microcomputer: PC, individual workstation
• Laptop: portable, small
• Handheld: Palm Pilots
Processors
Come in Many Sizes
• Facts used by a computer
• Words
• Numbers
What is Data?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
0 and 1
They are each called a BIT
8 BITS make a BYTE
1 BYTE makes a letter or number
KILOBYTE = 1,024 bytes
MEGABYTE = 1,048,576 bytes
GIGABYTE = 1,024 megabytes
TERABYTE = 1,024 gigabytes
What two numbers are
used in Binary Code?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Network Drive (H: drive)
Hard Disk Drive (C:drive)
Floppy Disk Drive with 3 ½” Floppy Disk (A:drive)
Jump Drive/Thumb Drive
I-Pod
CD Read/Write Drive
DVD
AUXILIARY
STORAGE
Zip Drive
AUXILIARY STORAGE
DEVICES
• Programs that Make the Computer Work
• Operating System Software
•
•
•
•
Vista
Windows XP: GUI (Graphical User Interface)
Unix
Linux
• Application Software
• Microsoft Word, Excel, Access, Front Page, Publisher
• WordPerfect
• Illustrator, Photoshop, Dreamweaver
SOFTWARE
• The process of starting up a computer from a
halted or powered-down condition.
• Commands in ROM memory are followed
• The process of loading the Operating System
software into Main Memory
• Windows 98
• Windows XP
• Unix
What is the Boot
Process?
OPERATING SYSTEM (OS)
The software that manages the sharing
of the resources of a computer.
Examples of Operating Systems
Windows XP
Vista
Unix
DESKTOP
Desktop
The main working space on your computers
screen
Icons
are pictures of the menu item you are choosing
– an executable program or shortcut to a file.
Examples of an icon include:
The blue bar located at the bottom of the
desktop is called the
Task Bar
NAVIGATING WINDOWS
The path to get to your Student drive (H:
drive:)
My Computer > H: drive
What is the path to get to the shared drive:
My Computer > Shared S:
NAVIGATING WINDOWS
The root of a drive is the beginning
Files are created when a document is
saved
Folders organizes and store files
NAVIGATING WINDOWS
Creating, deleting, and renaming
a folder
PRINT SCREEN
* Open a file
* Office Button > Open
* Ctrl+O
* New Files
* Ctrl+N
* Save a file
* Office Button> Save
* Ctrl+S
* Save with new name or location
* File Button> Save as
* Printing
* Ctrl + P
*
*Select a word
*Double click on the word
*Select a sentence
*Ctrl + Click anywhere in the sentence
*Select a paragraph
*Triple click anywhere in the paragraph
*Select the whole document
*Ctrl + A
*
*Cut
*Shortcut is Ctrl+X
*Right click is Cut
*Copy
*Shortcut is Ctrl+C
*Right click is Copy
*Paste
*Shortcut is Ctrl+V
*Right click is Paste
*
Cut
Copy
Paste
*
*Besides cut and paste, text can also be
dragged and dropped
*Other useful tools include: Quick Access toolbar
*Undo or Ctrl+Z
*Redo or Ctrl+Y
*The Clipboard is the temporary storage
for copied text
*The clipboard can be accessed through
the dialog box launcher
Dialog Box
Launcher
*
*Check spelling
*Review tab> Proofing grouping
*Auto correct automatically corrects
common spelling errors
*Auto complete will guess certain words
*Incorrect spelling is underlined in red
*Incorrect grammar is underlined in green
*
*Center shortcut is Ctrl+E
Left
Right
*Left shortcut is Ctrl+L
*Right shortcut is Ctrl+R
*Justify shortcut is Ctrl+J
Justify
Center
*Vertical alignment is from top to bottom
*Page Layout tab> Page set up group> Dialog Box
Launcher > Layout Tab
*Types are Center, Top, Bottom and Justify
*Horizontal Alignment
is left and right
*To set margins
*Page Layout Tab> page set up group> Margins
button
*Default margins are 1 inch
*
*Default line spacing is 1.15
*Home tab> Paragraph group
*Line Spacing Shortcuts
*Double is Ctrl+2
*Single is Ctrl+1
*1.5 is Ctrl+5
*
*Changing Font face and Font size
*Home tab> font group
*Emphasizing text
*Bold= Ctrl + b
*Italics= Ctrl + i
*Underline= Ctrl + u
*
*Format painter
*Copies styles and appearance, not
text and content— Copies Formatting
*Click painter twice to copy to more
than one location
*Change Case
*shift+F3
*Icon
*
The blank space around the outside of a
document is called…
Margins
Alignment refers to the position of the text
between the Margins
Left, Center, Right, Justify
*
Line spacing refers to the amount of space
between the Lines of text.
A bullet is any small character that appears
before an item in a list.
The show/hide button shows the
formatting in the document.
*
Default tabs are set every ½ inch.
The four types of tabs are:
Left └
Right ┘
Center ┴
.
Decimal ┴
*
You can set tabs using the Tab Box
located to the left of the ruler bar.
The path to set tabs using the
Paragraph group:
Paragraph dialog box  Tab Button
*
The tab dialog box can be opened by
double clicking on a tab located on
the ruler.
Solid, dotted or dashed lines which fill
the blank space before a tab are called
Leaders.
*
To clear a tab from the ruler, click and
drag the tab down off the ruler.
To move a tab on the ruler, click on the
tab and drag it left or right.
*
*
*Proofreader’s Marks are symbols used by
editors and proofreader to note
grammatical and content changes that
need to be made to written documents
*It is important to understand
proofreader’s marks so you understand
what changes the proofer needs you to
make
*
*
*Memo is another name for memorandum
*Memos are short message sent between person in
the same company or organization
*The headings of a memo should be types in all caps
*Heading of a memo
*TO
*FROM
*DATE
*SUBJECT
*
*The information in each line of a heading
should all align at the same tab
TO:
FROM:
DATE:
SUBJECT:
Johnny Smith
Jo Teacher
March 3, 2008
HOW TO WRITE A MEMO
*
*Spacing
*Body is single spaced with a double space
between paragraphs
*First paragraph begins a triple space after
the subject line
*The reference initials are typed double space
after the last line of a memo
*
*Letterhead
*Date
*Inside Address
*Salutation
*Body
*Complimentary Close
*Signature Line
*
Letterhead is the heading at the top of
a sheet of letter paper containing a
business’s:
*Name
*Address phone/fax number
*Website
*Logo/slogan
*
*
* Date
* 2 “ from top
* QS
* Inside Address
* 3-5 lines
* DS
* Salutation
* Formal (no first name)
* DS
* Body
* SS paragraphs
* DS between groups
*
* Complimentary Close
* polite closing.
* Signature Line
* Senders Name
* Senders Title (Optional)
* DS
* Special Letter Parts
* Reference initials
* lower case letters
* DS
* Enclosure/Attachment
Notation
* if applicable.
*
The signature block is the space between the
complimentary close and the sender’s name
*1” margins on left,
right, and bottom
*2” on top
*Two Types
Block and Modified Block
•
•
•
Open Punctuation
* Has no punctuation
mark after the
salutation or
complimentary close:
Dear Mr. Smith
Sincerely yours
*
Mixed Punctuation
* Contains a colon (:)
after the salutation
and a comma (,) after
the complimentary
close:
Dear Mr. Smith:
Sincerely yours,
*Popular documentation styles include
*APA
*MLA
* Documentation styles define the rules for
creating or writing the paper and citing or
crediting sources
*Documentation styles have rules but requirements
are ultimately up to the Teacher
*
* The cover page is Vertically and
Horizontally centered on the page
* There are approximately 25 single
spaces between the tile and your
name.
* The title page should include the
* Title
* Name
* Teacher Name
* Class name & Period
* Date
* Always change to single spacing at
the top of your cover page
*
If no cover page is required add
* your name
* Teachers name
* Class Name & Period
* Date
* Information should be double
spaced and appear at the top of the
first page of the report
*Spacing
* The body of a report is Double spaced
* Long quotations and lists are Single spaced
*Long quotations should be indented on the
Left and Right
*PAGE NUMBERING, BULLETS, AND NUMBERING
*Use the page number
button on the Insert tab to add
pages numbers to your document
*Numbered list are used when items appear sequentially.
*Bulleted lists are used when the order of items does
not need to be emphasized.
* An indent is the space you insert between the text and a document’s
margins
* Indenting text:
* Ruler bar
* Buttons
* Page Layout Tab
* Describe each kind of indent
* First line indent – Indents the first line only
* Right indent – indents all lines of the paragraph from the right side
* Left indent – indents all lines of the paragraph from the left side
* Hanging indent – indents all lines of the paragraph EXCEPT the first line
* Long quotations- Left and Right indent
* Bibliographies-Hanging
*
*
* References to sources within
the body of the paper
* The steps to add an in text
citation:
* Place insertion point at
location for in text
citation
* Reference tab > Citations
& Bibliography Group >
Insert Citation Icon
* Click on the citation or
add new source
* List the steps to generate a
Work Cited or Bibliography
* Reference Tab > Citations
& Bibliography group >
Bibliography
* Spacing: Bibliography or
Works Cited are
* Double
* Use Hanging indent in a
bibliography
*Write the first draft and referencing sources
*Introduction – introduces the topic & captures
the readers attention
*Body – follows the introduction, consists of
several paragraphs that support the topic
*Conclusion – summarizes the main points of the
body and restates the topic
*
* Authority
* Does a reputable person, group, institution support the source
* Is the information presented without bias
* Is the author credentials listed and verifiable
* Currency
* Is the information up-to-date
* Are dates of sources listed
* What is the last dated revised or updated
* Accuracy
* Is the information free of errors
* Is it verifiable
* Are the sources clearly
*
EXCEL 1
WORDS TO KNOW
 NAME BOX displays the cell address of the active cell
 The ACTIVE CELL and FORMULA BAR displays the data as it is entered
 Cells can contain:
 Labels (text)
 Values (numbers)
 Formulas or functions
 RANGE is a selected group of cells
 The : indicates a range of cells
 B3:D3 is a range of cells
 The range of cells include cells B3 through D3
GETTING AROUND
 Left or Right one cell or up and down one row
 TAB will move the active cell to the right
 SHIFT + TAB will move the active cell to the left
 Home takes you to the beginning of a row
 Ctrl+Home takes you to A1
KNOW YOUR CURSORS
 Select
 Fill
 Move
HOME TAB
1
1.
2
Font Group
2.
Alignment Group
Horizontal Alignment


Font Face, Size, Color

Left

Fill Color

Center

Bold, Italic, Underline

Right

Borders
Vertical Alignment


Top

Middle

Bottom

Increase/Decrease Indent

Rotate Text

Wrap Text

Merge & Center
HOME TAB
3
3.
Number Group
4
5.
Cells Group

Account Style $

Insert & Delete columns/rows

Percent %

Format column width/height

Comma ,

Increase/Decrease Indent
6.
Editing Group
Auto Sum

4.
5
Style Group
Preset Cell Styles


Titles, Headings, Totals

Min, Max, Avg, Count

Sort & Filter

Find & Select
6
PAGE LAYOUT TAB
1
1.
2.
2
Changes Margins
3
3.
Change page orientation

Landscape

Portraits
4.
4
Scale to Fit

Width – 1 page

Height – 1 page
Show & Print

Print Gridlines

Headings

1,2,3

A, B, C
• Types of information can be typed in a cell
o
o
o
o
text
numbers
formulas
functions
• Text is also known as labels
o
Aligns at the left
• Numbers are also known as values
o
Aligns at the right
• The purpose of excel is to
o
o
o
compile data
perform calculations
create graphs/charts
• Calculations are performed using
o
o
formulas - mathematical expressions that you create or enter
functions - mathematical expressions already available in
excel
• To perform calculations an = must be entered first
• Formulas containing numbers will produce results
that will never change
o
=3*8 produces the result of 24
• Formulas containing cell references produces
results that will change if the data in those cells
change.
o
=A1+B1 will produce results based on the data entered
in those cells
• It is usually more effective to use a cell reference
than entering values in a formula or function
• Point-and-click method of entering formulas
o
use the mouse to select the cells that you want to
perform the calculations
• Operators
o
o
o
o
Addition +
Subtraction Multiply *
Divide /
• The sequence used to calculate complex formulas
containing more than one operation.
o
order of operation
 parenthesis
 multiple and divide
 add and subtract
• Calculate the following equation using order of
operations
2nd
1st
= 10 - 5*6
10-30 = -20
1st
2nd
= (10- 5) *6
10–5 = 5 * 6 = 30
• functions are predefined formulas
o
Autosum built-in SUM function.
• Clicking on the arrow next to the Auto sum
o
o
o
o
SUM calculates the total in a range of cells
AVG calculates the average in a range of cell
MAX displays highest value in a range of cells
MIN displays smallest value in a range of cells
• When you use the function button excel will select the
range for you
o
If Excel doesn’t select - select the range you want
• ##### sign indicated the numbers are too large for the
cell
o
Fix by resizing the cell
• Label each part of this function:
= Sum(D5:D10)
Equal Sign
Function
Argument
• Cell references used to create formulas
o
o
Relative – adjusts to its new location when copied
Absolute – Does not change when moved or copied to a
new cell
• To make a cell reference absolute press F4 and the $
will be entered for you.
o
o
$ indicated that a cell is absolute
A$1$
• Formula view
o
Ctrl + ~
• Every worksheet containing formulas must have
two printouts:
o
o
Regular
Formula
• The formula printout must fit on one page.
WORDS TO KNOW:
 Vertical information labeled A,B,C – COLUMNS
 Horizontal areas labeled 1,2,3 – ROWS
 Intersection of a column and row – CELL
 The cell with the dark rectangle is called the Active Cell
 CELL ADDRESS identifies the coordinates of the intersecting column
and row
 A1, F10, H233 are examples of cell addresses
CHARTS
 A chart is a graphical representation of data contained in a worksheet
 Types of charts
 Column – show relationship among categories of data
 Line – Shows trends over time
 Pie – shows relationship of part to a whole
 Scatter – Shows relationship between two categories
DISPLAYING A CHART
 Imbedded Chart
 A chart that appears on a spreadsheet with data
 Chart Sheet
 A chart on a sheet by itself, filling the whole page
CREATING A CHART
 Select the data
 Be sure to select data in the correct order
 Use the control key to select data in non-adjacent ranges
 Choose the Insert Tab
 Choose chart type
CHART OBJECTS
 To change the appearance of anything in a chart –Use the Layout Tab
 Right click on an object and choose format
NON-ADJACENT
CELLS
 Non-adjacent cells are cells that are not next to each other on the
spreadsheet.
 Selecting non-adjacent cells
 Select the first range
 Hold down the control key > select the next range
STUFF TO KNOW ABOUT
CHARTS
 Pie charts can only show one range
 Title – Chart Layout Tab > Chart title
 Sub-Title – Double click after the title, press enter and begin typing
 Axes—on a 2-dimensional chart
 X -horizontal
 Y-Vertical
MORE STUFF TO KNOW
 Gridlines
Lines in chart that can be turned on or off to make the chart easier to read
 Legend
A list that identifies colors and patterns within a chart
Where Did It All Begin?
• The World Wide Web began at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland
• In one of the largest scientific laboratories in the world.
• The laboratory was called CERN (Counseil European Pour la
Recherche Nucleaire – European Laboratory for Particle Physics)
What is the Internet?
• The Internet is the worldwide, publicly accessible network of
interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet
switching.
• Network - two or more computers that are connected for the
purpose of sharing information
• LAN
• A local area network (LAN) is a computer network covering a small area,
like a home, office, or small group of buildings.
• Computers that are near each other.
• WAN
• A wide area network or WAN is a computer network covering a broad
geographical area.
• The most well-known example of a WAN is the Internet.
• First network developed in early ’60’s and ’70’s by scientists and
military experts
• ARPANET
Connecting to the Internet
 Modem - A
MO-dulator DE-Modulator.
 Converts digital information to analog and analog to digital.
 Analoglike sound waves
 Digitalsignal in 1s and 0s
 Browser
• Software which allows you to view information and Web
Pages on the WWW
• ISP
• Internet Service Provider (Comcast, AOL, etc.)
Uniform Resource Locator
• URL – Uniform Resource Locator.
• A URL can be thought of as the address of a web
page
• Parts of a URL
 Transfer Protocol
Filename Domain Name
What is a domain?
• The group that website or email address belongs to.
• It tells where the address is located i.e. .com; .edu; .gov
• The name that is to the right of the last dot in the Internet
address
• www.yahoo.com
• jostudent@comcast.net
Common Internet Terms
• Surfing - the term we use when exploring the Internet
• Hit - the term used when you connect to the page you are
looking for
• Link - allows you to jump from one site to another
• Email - the type of mail sent over the internet
• Chatting - talking with someone on the internet. Often called
Instant Messaging
Internet Language & Communication
• HTML
HyperText Markup Language
• The coding scheme used to format text for use in developing Web Pages on
the WWW
•
•
•
•
• HTTP
<b>
<p>
<img src=HTTP://www.sony.com>
<a href=HTTP://www.sony.com
HyperText Transfer Protocol
• The transmission standard used to send an HTML
document across the WWW
• Ensures reliable connections between many different
computer types
Computer Theft & Privacy
• The most popular item to steal are Laptops so they can be sold
of the data
• Use passwords
• Hacking
• Unauthorized use of computer and network resource
• The penalty for hacking
• It is a felony
• Internet Controls
• Types of controls for internet safety
• Firewalls: form a barrier between two networks
• Filters: control what can be viewed on Internet
• Parental Control: parents control what kids do on Internet
Computer Virus
• A Virus is a computer program written to alter
the way a computer operates, without the
permission or knowledge of the user
• Examples of Viruses
• Email
• Trojan Horse
• Worms
• Prevention
• Steps to help prevent or detect a virus.
• Be careful about what you open or download from the internet
• Use a virus protection software
• Use a firewall or turn your computer off when not in use
What Are Firewalls?
• A Hardware or software blocking mechanism that block
unauthorized intruders into a computer system
• Blocks potential hackers from your invading your computer or
your network.
• Any computer that is connected to the internet should have a
firewall
Pop-ups
• Pop-ups - Unwanted advertisements on the web
• Pop-ups usually come from downloading “free” software.
• Some companies give you software for free as long as they can
put SPYWARE on your computer and monitor where you go on
the internet.
Information Privacy
 Beware of any site that asks for your
Social Security #.

Beware of any site that asks for
specific personal information when
you are not on a secure link.

Employers have the right to
monitor your work and use of the
computer at your place of
employment.
Information Accuracy
 Not everything that you read on the



Internet is true!!!
Make sure information is accurate before
putting it on the Internet.
No one polices the validity, accuracy, and
reliability of the information on the Net/
Plagiarism: Using another person’s ideas
and presenting them as your own.



Be sure to give credit where credit is due.
Cite borrowed material with textual citations.
Use material in a way that preserves the
meaning and context intended by the author.
Acceptable Use Policies
• AUP = Acceptable use policy
• Guidelines that outline what an organization finds acceptable or
unacceptable for use of the Internet
• Can apply to internet, computer, or network usage
• Look at the school AUP
Fair Use Laws
 User must weigh four factors:
 The purpose and character of
the use
 The amount and substantiality of
the portion used.
 The effect on the potential
market for the copyrighted work.
 The nature of the copyrighted
work
Copyright Issues Pertaining to
Software
• Shareware
• Software that you can obtain for free on a trial basis then you
have to pay. ex. Adobe Flash
• Freeware
• Software that is distributed at no cost to the user
• The author maintains the copyright ex.ITUNES
• Public Domain
• Software that is NOT copyrighted
• It can be copied or used freely ex. Variouse Games
• Copyright
• Rights possessed by the author of a work. Ex. Microsoft
Office
Boolean Operators
• Boolean operators are based on a simple yes or no ranking system
• But What Do They Do?
• AND
• The AND operator instructs the Search Engine to search for all documents
containing all words you specify
• NOT
• Sometimes it’s easier to narrow a search by specifying what you are NOT
looking for
• Symbols
• Some search engines use the “+” sign as the operator, which works the same
way as the AND operator
• “*” Wildcard
• Quotes “ “ used for exact phrases or words you want to appear together
The parts of an Email Address
• Username: jostudent
• ISP: @quest
• Domain: net
gjohnson@qwest.net
Yname@davis.k12.ut.us
• No spaces between the 3 parts