DO NOW:
CAN YOU DEFINE THE TERM
INDUSTRIAL REVOLTUION?
From Farms to Factories
Picture #1
• Picture # 1: Taken
before the Industrial
Revolution
Picture #2
• Picture # 2: Taken
after the Industrial
Revolution
 Revolution – a large-scale, major change that is
long-lasting
 Industrial – Having to do with industry,
business or manufacturing (how you make things)
 Industrial Revolution – a change from
making things by hand to making them in
factories.
The Industrial Revolution: More definitions
• The major shift in production from simple hand tools to
complex machines, and from human and animal power to
steam power.
• The time period starting in 1750 in England when people
switched from making goods in the home or on the farm
to mass producing goods in factories located in cities.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MHdmaFJ6W6M&sa
fety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active
Charlie Chaplin: Modern Times
How close were you to one
of these definitions ???
1.
Natural Resources
 Coal
 Iron
2.
Human Resources
 Population boom
 Loss of farm jobs led to an
increase in demand for factory jobs
3. Economy
 Had lots of
$$ from overseas empire
(India, Africa, Australia)
 Population boom led to increased
demand for goods
 Middle class was growing, and was able to
invest some of their $$ in new industries
4. Politics and Society
 Stable government (constitutional
monarchy… remember??)
5. Christianity encouraged hard work
 Increasing focus on personal material gain
 Revolution = A MAJOR change.
Farming Before
Farming after
Let us understand the
“Causes of Industrialization”
• #1: Agricultural Revolution
• #2: Commercial Revolution
• #3: New Technology and Machines
Which causes are seen in
this picture?
Pre-Agricultural Revolution Methods of Cultivation
Modern, Mechanized, “Scientific” Farming (19th Century)
 Before 1700’s:
 3-Field System
 where one field laid fallow
(unused)
 Like under Feudalism
 1700’s
 Crop Rotation
 Charles “Turnip” Townshend
began to use crops that would
replenish nutrients to
depleted soil.
 Jethro Tull invented the seed drill, in 1701, it allowed
farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific
depths.
 When his invention was used, a larger share of the seed
germinated. As a result, crop yields increased even
more.
Aqualung
 Robert Bakewell: "breed the best to the best to get the best."
 Bred stronger horses for more farm work
 Bred fatter sheep and cattle for meat
 These changes in the food production led to an increase in
population
Food Inc. clip
YEAR
1710
1795
SHEEP (lbs.)
28
80
CATTLE (lbs)
370
800
The process of taking over smaller farms and
public lands, and fencing off a large area of
land to be worked by private farmers.
 Increased output
(fewer people needed to
work, could experiment
with new crops, much
more efficient, and
more cost effective)
- Small farmers could
not compete, lost
their farms
These changes in farming
caused a huge increase
in the population.
 Crop yield increased (More food)




Enough food was available for people in the cities and it was cheaper
Falling food prices meant more money to spend on consumer goods
Healthier people which meant decline in death rate, especially in infants
In the 18th century, the population doubled from 5 million to 10 million
 Wool yield increased due to better care of animals and
selective breeding
 More wool was available for the textile industry and at less cost
 Ready workforce available




Peasants were turned off their land by enclosures
Families moved into the cities (urbanization)
There was much unemployment and many people were looking for work
Labor was cheap
 As a result of the Agricultural Revolution:
 Less risk of famine
 Better quality of crops = healthier people
 More & healthier food made people live longer and have
more babies.
• Europe’s population increased from 120 million to
190 million
POPULATION INCREASE
 Better farming techniques
= more food + healthier food
= longer life
= more babies
• There was an increase in labor migration.
• People moved from all areas to all areas.
 As a result of the growing
population, people’s needs for
resources also grew.
 So they turned to fossil fuels
 Wars
 Political strife
 Religious conflict
 Natural disasters
Migration from Europe
Mainly before 1750s
Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
 Beginning in 1845 and
lasting for six years, the
potato famine ( mass
starvation) killed over a
million men, women and
children in Ireland and
caused another
million to flee the
country.
Labor migration from Asia
Mainly after 1750
Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
 Allowed for the mass
production of cotton.
 Was used to maintain
and expand slavery
 promoted the idea of
interchangeable parts-standardized, identical
parts that made for faster
assembly and easier
repair
Continuing Atlantic slave trade
After 1750s
Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
New homes and tenements being built for
laborers and new community members
 From burning wood and using
water to using…
 Coal
 Gas
 Petroleum
 Electricity
 Nuclear
 Main source of energy during the Industrial
Revolution = COAL
 Comes from VERY OLD forests that decay over
millions of
years and compound
with rocks and other
dirt to become coal
 Cheap to excavate
 More efficient than burning wood
 Even MORE efficient with new machinery
 How it works:
 Burn coal to create steam
 Steam turns gears and turbines
in machine to make it “go”
 Used in production of goods
• Used to transport
goods and people
 More coal mines
 More factories
 Introduction of Railroads
 Introduction of street lamps
#2 Commercial Revolution
• Mercantilism (controlling
the economies of
colonies) created a
huge market for
European goods.
Faster Clipper
Ships
• New wealthy classes had
money (capital) to
invest in factories and new
businesses.
Wealthy
Merchants
#3 New Technology
• New machines
allowed mass
production of goods
(many at a time).
• New inventions
improved products
and created new
products.
So, which was the first
country to industrialize?
England
Why do we all get to
wear underwear?
The cottage industry or the putting-out system consisted
of many steps.
It could not meet the increased demand
for goods!!!
Cottage 3 where it is dyed
or made into clothes
then picked up and transported again.
Cottage 2 where it is
woven into fabric then
picked up and transported to…
Businessman buys
wool or cotton
from a farmer
and takes it to…
Cottage 1 where it is spun
into yarn then picked up and
transported to…
This process
seems very…
what is the word I
am thinking of?
Textiles –
England
A.K.A., Why We All Get To Wear Underwear
 flying shuttle
1.
Flying Shuttlepatented by
John Kay in
1733 You could
shoot the thread across
the loom faster.
2.
James Hargreaves’ invention greatly reduced the time it
took to turn string into yarn. So much so that his
neighbors were most unpleased.
3.
Richard Arkright’s invention was the first to
harness water power. When he added these to his
cotton mill and brought his employees to him, he
became the father of the factory system.
4.
Samuel Crompton’s invention married the
Spinning Jenny with the Water Frame. This
technology was used in some form until the
1980s.
 James Watt was a
repair man for Thomas
Newcomen.
 Watt figured out a way
to make a steam
engine which got four
times as much power
from the same amount
of coal.
 The Communication Revolution
 New machines transported people
and information MUCH faster
than ever before
 Steamboat
 Newspapers and printing
 Telegraph and telephone
 Railways
1840
There was a HUGE increase in
Railroad transportation from 18401850.
Increase
1850
 First, cottage industries could not produce
_________________ fast enough. The _________ allowed
for __________ to be spun into yarn. Then, machines like
the _____________ allowed the thread to be shot across the
loom ___________. Finally, inventions like the
_____________ and then the ________________, invented
by John Watts added increased power to the production
process, thus allowing an _________ in production. And
with machines like the ___________ cotton became
cheaper. Therefore, underwear could be produced faster,
and therefore ____________ and everyone could afford to
wear _____________.
 First, cottage industries could not produce
_________________ fast enough. The _________
allowed for __________ to be spun into yarn.
Then, machines like the _____________ allowed
the thread to be shot across the loom
___________. Finally, inventions like the
_____________ and then the ________________,
invented by John Watts added increased power to
the production process, thus allowing an
_________ in production. And with machines
like the ___________ cotton became cheaper.
Therefore, underwear could be produced faster,
 Henry Ford locomotive
 World's Fastest Train
The Steam Locomotive
 Increased global networks of trade
 More goods, better goods that cost less to produce
 Quicker, more efficient transport
 For some, it becomes cheaper to import some goods
than to produce their own
 Canal
 Railroads
 These are examples of the transportation
revolution.
Russia
U.S.A.
Egypt
India
Cotton exports from agrarian
economies to industrial
economies
Textile exports from industrial
to agrarian economies
 New ideas relating to economics
 Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations
 Promoted a “free market”
 Gov’t should not control prices or people’s abilities to
buy and sell goods
 Development of democratic ideology
 People should be able to choose their own government
 People should have equal rights
 Gov’t should protect these rights
 What could this have been caused by??
 Gov’ts began to:
 Promote education for ALL
 Write constitutions giving people rights
 Create representative institutions (what does this
mean???)
 Happened through their own reform or
REVOLUTION
And the Nasty Side Effects
 Transfer of people and economic focus from rural
(farm) to urban (city) areas
 Development of the factory
 Expansion of child labor
 Tenement living
 Very small, very cramped
 Many people shared garbage dumps,
toilets/outhouses, sewers
 Disease spread easily
 Ever-growing middle class
 Those that had $$ to invest in new industries earned
even MORE $$ as the industries grew
 Helped out by cheap labor, child labor
Powerful economic growth in the
world as a whole.
T/F: Powerful economic growth spread equally among the world’s countries.
$3,000,000.00
$2,500,000.00
$2,000,000.00
$1,500,000.00
$1,000,000.00
$500,000.00
$0.00
1700
1820
1870
1913
World Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in
Dollars
as valued in 1990
 But growth was not equal among all the world’s
countries.
 Or among people from the same country.
 Those countries that had the ability (resources,
manpower, $$) to modernize through industry
became wealthy and successful…
 And sold their goods to the highest bidders.
 But what if you aren’t the highest bidder…??
 Capitalism and communism…
 Marxism and socialism…
 Colonialism and Imperialism…
STAY TUNED!
 What is the definition of the Industrial






Revolution?
What did Charles Townshend do to revolutionize
farming?
Who invented the seed drill?
Why was the seed drill a big deal?
What did Robert Bakewell do to revolutionize
farming?
What did the enclosure movement do?
What effect did the enclosure movement have on
small farmers?
 What was the prevailing economic system called at
the beginning of the Industrial Revolution?
 What was the prevailing economic system called at the
beginning of the Industrial Revolution?
 What was the first industry to industrialize?
 What was the old way of producing cloth called?
 What were 3 inventions that revolutionized the textile
industry?
 What new invention revolutionized the way we powered our
machines?
 What fueled the steam engine?
 The steam engine was attached to what new mode of
transportation on land?
 What was the new mode of transportation on water?
 Explain how and why the growth of industrialism was a
global phenomenon.
 Quickly spread all across the world making major changes in
agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and
technology which had a profound effect on the social,
economic and cultural conditions of the times.
 Population boom, along with new technology and industry
powered industrialism.
 Analyze the short and long term effects of the
industrialization
 Short-term effects included child labor, poor working
conditions, and poor/unsanitary living conditions
within cities.
 Long-term effects are growing cities, competition for
trade, urbanization, the spread of industrialization,
labor unions, improved working conditions, and our
present day world.
 Explain why the short and long term effects of
industrialization were inevitable
 During this time there were many new technological
advancements, and there were socioeconomic & cultural
problems.
 New technology, increased communication,
transportation, and increased demands of global goods
all led to industrialization.
 http://www.hulu.com/watch/67878/the-future-of-
food
 Show through potato famine