Study Skills Workshop
Elena Pierazzo
Richard Gardner
5 October 2012
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Programme for the day
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10-11: How to cite, how to avoid plagiarism (EP)
11-12: Harvard Referencing System (RG)
12-13:30: lunch break
13:30-14:30: Managing bibliography and citation
online: Introduction to Zotero and use of the King’s
College London Zotero style sheet (RG)
• 14:30-16: How to write an essay, how to write a
project report
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Citing
• Why it is so important
• Scientific Method
• Academic writing
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Scholarly Method: history
• aka The Enlightenment University
• First Free Universities in C18 Germany
o "free as in speech"
o independent from Church and
goverment
• Established need for rational argument
o No ex cathedra pronouncements
o Reproducible evidence and method
o Citation of previous scholarship
Asynchronous Collaboration
• Scholar A does research
o
o
20 years later, writes book, includes citations
book published
• 30 years later, Scholar B reads book
o
o
o
o
o
o
follows citations
reproduces experimental methodology
disagrees with results
new research
20 years later, writes new book
includes Scholar A among citations
• This is collaboration
o
even if they never meet
Scholarly Method: recap
• Experimental Physics
o cite earlier theory and experiments
o credit all collaborators
o document experimental method reproducibly
• Theoretical Literary Criticism
o cite earlier critics (to show insane)
o credit all proponents of your theory
o document argumentation painstakingly
o footnote everything
Purpose of reading relevant
literature
• Identify work already done (and in
progress)
• Prevents duplication
• Avoid pitfalls and errors of earlier research
– Popper: all success built on failure
• Help design methodology
• Find gaps in existing research
• Find your own “original” point of view
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What’s wrong with this?
“The Communist Party of the Soviet Union
(CPSU) developed a system to control
culture in order to erase ethnic background
and produces citizens with a common
identifications, including a common
language.”
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What’s wrong with this?
“According to historians, the Communist
Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) developed
a system to control culture in order to erase
ethnic background and produces citizens
with a common identifications, including a
common language.”
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“According to White 2009 and earlier
research reported by him, the Communist
Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) developed
a system to control culture in order to erase
ethnic background and produces citizens
with a common identifications, including a
common language (pp. 43-44).”
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PLAGIARISM
• A serious offence
• An insidious problem
Source for this section: Department of War Studies,
King’s College London
PLAGIARISM
‘The taking and using as one’s
own of the thoughts, writing or
inventions of another’ (Oxford
English Dictionary)
King’s Regulations
Plagiarism is the taking of another person’s
thoughts, words, results, judgements, ideas, images
etc., and presenting them as your own. All work
submitted as part of the requirements for any
examination or assessment of the College must be
expressed in the student’s own words and
incorporate their own ideas and judgments. Direct
quotations from the published or unpublished work of
others, including that of other students, must always
be identified as such by being placed inside
quotation marks with a full reference to the source
provided in the proper form.
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Paraphrasing – using other words to
express another person’s ideas or
judgments – must also be acknowledged
and referenced in the appropriate manner.
In the same way, the authors of images and
audiovisual presentations must be
acknowledged.
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Examples of plagiarism include
but are not limited to:
• Copying ~ a student should not copy someone else’s work or thoughts
and pass this off as their own, even if s/he has their permission;
• Copying ~ a student should not insert the writing or thoughts of others
into their written work without the correct referencing;
• Copy and paste ~ a student may not copy text verbatim and pass this
off as their own, without using quotation marks and citing the original
source;
• Paraphrasing ~ avoid closely paraphrasing someone else’s work (e.g.
by changing the order of the words slightly); either quote the work
directly using quotation marks or put the ideas completely in your own
words. Remember either way you must acknowledge the source using
the appropriate citation conventions
• Self-plagiarism ~ when students submit the same piece of work (or a
significant part thereof) for different assessments – students can only
be given credit once for any given piece of work;
• Essay banks ~ when students submit an assessment that has been
written by a third party or obtained from a professional writing ‘service’.
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Levels of Plagiarism
• Minor plagiarism: plagiarism is less than
20% than the total assignment
• Major plagiarism: second offence of a
minor plagiarism; plagiarism is more than
20% of the total assignment
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Plagiarism risks
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SOURCE BOOK
So expensive, fast, indiscriminate, big, unmaneuverable and
powerful have modern weapons become that they are
steadily pushing contemporary war under the carpet, as it
were; that is into environments where those weapons do not
work, and where men can therefore fight to their hearts’
contents.
SOURCE BOOK
So expensive, fast, indiscriminate, big, unmaneuverable and
powerful have modern weapons become that they are steadily
pushing contemporary war under the carpet, as it were; that is into
environments where those weapons do not work, and where men
can therefore fight to their hearts’ contents.
YOUR ESSAY
Modern weapons are steadily pushing war
under the carpet into environments where
those weapons do not work.
SOURCE BOOK
So expensive, fast, indiscriminate, big, unmaneuverable and
powerful have modern weapons become that they are steadily
pushing contemporary war under the carpet, as it were; that is into
environments where those weapons do not work, and where men
can therefore fight to their hearts’ contents.
YOUR ESSAY
Modern weapons are steadily pushing war
under the carpet into environments where
those weapons do not work. (Van Creveld,
1991:32)
SOURCE BOOK
So expensive, fast, indiscriminate, big, unmaneuverable and
powerful have modern weapons become that they are steadily
pushing contemporary war under the carpet, as it were; that is into
environments where those weapons do not work, and where men
can therefore fight to their hearts’ contents.
YOUR ESSAY
Van Creveld sees Modern weapons as
steadily pushing war under the carpet into
environments where the weapons do not
work. (Van Creveld, 1991:32)
SOURCE BOOK
So expensive, fast, indiscriminate, big, unmaneuverable and
powerful have modern weapons become that they are steadily
pushing contemporary war under the carpet, as it were; that is into
environments where those weapons do not work, and where men
can therefore fight to their hearts’ contents.
YOUR ESSAY
Because today’s weapons systems are so
large, powerful, blundering and costly, war is
becoming focused on places like cities where
the weapons are ineffective.
SOURCE BOOK
So expensive, fast, indiscriminate, big, unmaneuverable and
powerful have modern weapons become that they are steadily
pushing contemporary war under the carpet, as it were; that is
into environments where those weapons do not work, and
where men can therefore fight to their hearts’ contents.
YOUR ESSAY
Van Creveld sees modern weapons as so
costly and blundering that they are ‘steadily
pushing contemporary war under the carpet’.
(Van Creveld, 1991:32)
SOURCE BOOK
So expensive, fast, indiscriminate, big, unmaneuverable and
powerful have modern weapons become that they are steadily
pushing contemporary war under the carpet, as it were; that is
into environments where those weapons do not work, and
where men can therefore fight to their hearts’ contents.
YOUR ESSAY
Van Creveld sees modern weapons
technology as self-defeating. In his words:
So expensive, fast, indiscriminate, big, unmaneuverable and
powerful have modern weapons become that they are steadily
pushing contemporary war under the carpet…into
environments where those weapons do not work. (Van
Creveld, 1991:32)
SOURCE BOOK
So expensive, fast, indiscriminate, big, unmaneuverable and
powerful have modern weapons become that they are steadily
pushing contemporary war under the carpet, as it were; that is
into environments where those weapons do not work, and
where men can therefore fight to their hearts’ contents.
YOUR ESSAY
Van Creveld sees modern weapons
technology as self-defeating, because it
encourages combatants to focus their efforts
in places like cities where large weapons are
ineffective. (1991:32)
AVOIDING PLAGIARISM
• Use multiple sources
• Be careful in note taking
SOURCE BOOK
So expensive, fast, indiscriminate, big, unmaneuverable and
powerful have modern weapons become that they are
steadily pushing contemporary war under the carpet, as it
were; that is into environments where those weapons do not
work, and where men can therefore fight to their hearts’
contents.
YOUR NOTES
Modern weapons steadily pushing contemporary war
under the carpet into environments where they don’t
work.
YOUR NOTES
Modern weapons steadily pushing contemporary war
under the carpet into environments where they don’t
work.
YOUR ESSAY
Modern weapons are steadily pushing contemporary
war under the carpet into environments where the
weapons do not work.
SOURCE BOOK
So expensive, fast, indiscriminate, big, unmaneuverable and
powerful have modern weapons become that they are steadily
pushing contemporary war under the carpet, as it were; that is
into environments where those weapons do not work, and
where men can therefore fight to their hearts’ contents.
YOUR NOTES
Modern weapons steadily pushing contemporary
war under the carpet into environments where
they don’t work.
YOUR ESSAY
Modern weapons are steadily pushing
contemporary war under the carpet into
environments where the weapons do not work.
SOURCE BOOK
So expensive, fast, indiscriminate, big, unmaneuverable and
powerful have modern weapons become that they are
steadily pushing contemporary war under the carpet, as it
were; that is into environments where those weapons do not
work, and where men can therefore fight to their hearts’
contents.
YOUR NOTES
Modern weapons are so costly and blundering that
they are ‘steadily pushing contemporary war under
the carpet...into environments where those weapons
do not work’. (p.32)
YOUR NOTES
Modern weapons are so costly and blundering that
they are ‘steadily pushing contemporary war under
the carpet…into environments where those weapons
do not work’. (p.32)
YOUR ESSAY
Van Creveld sees modern weapons as so
costly and blundering that they are
‘steadily pushing contemporary war under
the carpet’. (1991:32)
TurnitinUK
• Built in within KEATS
• Applied automatically to all your
submissions
• Check against plagiarism on a gigantic
database of articles, books and all essays
and dissertations ever submitted via
TurnitinUK
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File formats
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Microsoft Word™ (DOC and DOCX)
Corel WordPerfect®
HTML
Adobe PostScript®
Plain text (TXT)
Rich Text Format (RTF)
Portable Document Format (PDF)
OpenOffice (ODT)
The file size may not exceed 20 MB.
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Originality Report
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Other Ethical issues
• If anything you do involves people, you need
approval from ethics committee
• E.g.: interviews, surveys, user testing, focus
groups
• http://www.kcl.ac.uk/research/ethics/applicant
s/sshl/lowrisk.html
• Give evidence of your interviews: “The
curator of the museum told me…” IS NOT
evidence unless you put the transcription of
the interview in appendix
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