Chapter 3 Section 1
– Carbon Compounds
Section 1 Notes
Standards
★ 1.2-Distinguish among the structure and function of the
four major organic macromolecules found in living things.
• You should be able to:
• Describe proteins, carbohydrates, lipids
and nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) by writing
about:
– what foods contain them.
– drawing their organic molecules.
– how they function in the body (what they do in
the body to help it work)
Organic Compounds
• Carbon forms the “skeleton” of most
molecules in living things.
• Carbon has 4 electrons that will bond to 4
other electrons from other elements. This
allows it to make lots of combinations.
• ORGANIC COMPOUNDS are made primarily
from carbon atoms. They are found in things
that were once living or are now living.
– Fossil fuels are organic compounds – they are
decayed trees, algaes in ponds, swamp plants
Carbon molecule names
• A carbon molecule made of one unit is
called a MONOMER
• A carbon molecule made of more than one
unit is called a POLYMER.
• Large polymers are called
MACROMOLECULES.
WORDS YOU MUST LEARN
•
•
•
•
•
•
MONO means “one”.
POLY means “many”.
HYDRO means “water”.
LYSIS means “to break apart”.
TRI means “three”.
DI means “two”
Quick review
•
•
•
•
•
1. What is special about the carbon atom?
2. What organisms contain carbon?
3. What does the prefix “di” mean?
4. What does the prefix “tri” mean?
5. A polyatomic molecule would have how
many atoms?
• 6. A hydroelectric dam would get electricity
from what source?
8
Drawing organic molecules
• Organic molecules are drawn with lines
representing the hydrogen bonds that link
the electrons together.
• Sometimes there are two lines because
there are two electrons that bond together
in each atom. Oxygen (O2) is an example.
These are called double bonds.
• It can share three bonds as well. These
are triple bonds.
Pay attention to the
variety of shapes the
carbon atoms can
create because of the
4 electrons
10
Atoms in groups
• Organic compounds are groups of atoms in
chains.
• These groups are called FUNCTIONAL
GROUPS.
• The atoms that are in the chain determine
how the chain attaches to others. (their
Function!)
• Functional groups control the chemical
reactions in cells because they can only
bond (attach) in certain ways.
Functional groups
phosphate
Hydroxyl
13
Carbonyl
12
Amino
15
Phosphate
14
Carboxyl
17
16
5 functional groups
•
•
•
•
•
Hydroxl
Carboxl
Amino
Phosphate
Carbonyl
YOU MUST KNOW THESE BY SIGHT>
MAKE FLASHCARDS TO STUDY pg. 52
Functional Group QUIZ
10 questions
•
•
•
•
•
•
Draw
1. Carboxyl
2. Carbonyl
3. Phosphate
4. Hydroxyl
5. Amino
19
•
•
•
•
Define or answer the following:
6. poly
7. hydro
8. What word means to split or break
apart?
• 9. What word means one?
• 10. If saccharide means “sugar”, what
would monosaccharide mean?
19
4 Macromolecules
One at a time
20
CARBS
You know about
these foods:
Bread
Pasta
Potatoes
Sugary Foods
Bananas, Apples
Fruits
Corn
Products made from
Corn
21
These are made of carbs, too
22
All CARBOHYDRATES have the same
atoms in them
C
H
O
(Carbon)
(Hydrogen)
(Oxygen)
1: 2: 1 ratio
C6H12O6
glucose
★They will have the sugar monomers:
glucose
★Honey has the monomer: fructose
★These sugars are made of two atoms:
sucrose, lactose, galactose
20
A New Name for Sugar: Saccharide
★EXAMPLES: glucose, fructose, sucrose,
lactose, galactose
–THESE ARE KNOWN AS
–
SACCHARIDES
–did you notice that all sugars end in
–the letters "ose" ? That is a huge CLUE
–to know what words are sugar words!
24
Glucose has a basic one ring
structure
It has 6 sides
21
"ONE SUGAR"
• WHAT would "ONE SUGAR" be called in
biology????????
- The word for one is ________.
- The word for sugar is___________.
- So the new word for one sugar is
•
______________________________.
26
Fructose is found in FRUITS and honey
made from them.
It is the other "simple", one ring sugar
It has 5 sides
23
What word describes fructose
sugar?
• Hint: it has ONE SUGAR
• MONOSACCHARIDE
• So it follows that glucose would also be
called a monosaccharide.
• ANY MONOMER of SUGAR is a
monosaccharide.
28
Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose
This is a disaccharide
di = two
Sucrose
See how two sugars are attached?
24
Review
25
How do we draw them?
What kind of reaction created them?
31
Other Vocabulary
• There are versions of the same molecule
called ISOMERS.
• These are a molecule, like glucose, that
has the same internal ring, but the
functional groups are moved to different
places.
32
These are what molecules?
What is different? Same?
Isomers of glucose
Isomers of fructose
22
Review
• What is an isomer?
34
Review: What is this?
First – identify the molecule
sugar
Now, it is a polymer – long chains
Your choices: a. lipid or b. cellulose
26
How do you make polymers?
✓You put monomers together, of course!
✓They are attached by hydrogen bonds in a
chemical reaction called a CONDENSATION
REACTION.
✓The reason it is called this is because a water
molecule is released when the bond is formed
(and water formation is called condensation).
✓This happens because one of the monomers
will release a H and one will release an OH to
form the bond between them.
How do you break a polymer apart?
★Water is added to a polymer and the polar
water will cause the bonds to break.
★Adding water is called HYDROLYSIS.
★The polar water pulls apart with the broken
monomers.
★One pulled apart monomer takes the H and
the other one takes the H.
★That leaves monomers.
Lipids
38
Lipids
• These are fats found in foods such as
butter, lard (animal fat), the fat in meat
(think of bacon), fat in whole milk, and even
the result of that fat in our bodies:
– Cholesterol, triglycerides
– Earwax
– Wax made by bees
– Steroids that are hormones
39
Monomer of Lipids
• Fatty Acids
40
Nucleic Acids
41
Nucleic Acids
• Although we do not think of nucleic acids
(DNA, RNA) as food, we eat these every
time we eat meat or plant matter.
• Why? Because these are composed of
cells and all cells contain DNA, RNA.
• These macromolecules are broken down
into their monomers in our bodies. That
makes them available for us to use to
rebuild our cells and make proteins.
42
Monomer of Nucleic Acid
• NUCLEOTIDE
43
Protein
• Proteins are what more than half of your
body is made of.
• Hair, skin, cell transport “doorways”,
muscle fibers, blood, and the enzymes that
speed up reactions so that your body runs
like a tuned up machine are all made of
different kinds of proteins.
44
Monomers of Proteins
• Amino Acids
45
Where do we get the Energy we
Need to live
• A special molecule is made in our
mitochondria
• The molecule is called ATP (it is like
gasoline for the cell)
• The mitochondria is called the
“powerhouse of the cell”
• All the cells in our body have to make their
own ATP. Muscle cells make more than
skin cells – duh – think about that.
46
First…
• You need to understand something about
the bonds in molecules….
47
Breaking and making bonds is
critical for survival
✴The breaking of bonds is how you get your
body heat.
✴The breaking of bonds is how you get the
energy you use to function every second of
your life.
✴The making of bonds must be done in
order for them to be broken!
✴Breaking the bonds releases energy.
✴Making bonds stores the energy.
48
ATP is the ENERGY Molecule
• ATP = adenosine triphosphate
• How many phosphate groups does it have?
• The bonds between the functional groups BREAK
and release energy.
• ATP changes to ADP then to ATP then to ADP etc.
• ADP is adenosine diphosphate.
• When the bonds break, energy is released.
• When the bonds re-assemble, energy is used. So
more energy must be made than used at all times.
• ENERGY IS STORED IN UNBROKEN BONDS
We do get energy from another place –
however.
• Remember the fatty acids?
• They have LOTS of bonds
between their carbon
molecules.
• That means lots of them are
available to break.
• When we lose weight due to
activity, those bonds break,
create heat and provide
energy.
50
Review
•
•
•
•
•
What does ADP stand for?
How many phosphate groups are in it?
How does ATP create energy?
How does ATP regain it energy?
Why can lipids provide more energy than a
molecule of glucose?
51
HW (10 questions)
• Page 60 (2,8)
• Page 62 (1,5,12,22,23,25,27,29)
• TEST is on Monday
• Use your notes and the book to answer
these.
• These notes are on-line!