Animals
Animal Behavior
Phylogenetic tree
Name
Biology
Date
Echinoderms
Chordates
Mollusks
Annelids
Roundworms Arthropods
Flatworms
Cnidarians
Sponges
Animals (Common ancestor)
Animals
have
are
carry out
Eukaryotic
cells
Heterotrophs
Essential
functions
with
such as
No cell walls
Feeding
Respiration
Circulation
Excretion
Response
Movement
Reproduction
All animals are multicellular and heterotrophic.
• lack cell walls.
• have nerves and muscles
• Most can move and ability of flight is unique to animals.
Animals can vary greatly
They can be found in the arctic, the rainforests of South
America, deep ocean trenches, and at the tops of mountains.
• Most reproduce sexually
• Most are invertebrates
• Most animals live in the sea
Invertebrates: jellyfish, spiders and earth worms are all animals.
Vertebrates: reptiles, amphibians, fish, birds and mammals are
vertebrate animals
Birds are thought to be
descendents of dinosaurs.
Fossils show as animals
evolved they became
more complex.
Invertebrates
• Animals that lack backbones
• Almost all animals are invertebrates and they can be found
anywhere on earth.
• Includes: sponges, jellyfish, octopus, clams, snails, spiders, beetles,
and crabs.
• Some have exoskeletons (insects) to protect their bodies and
provide structure.
• Can reproduce sexually and asexually, depending on the species
Sponges
• sessile as adults, asymmetric, and have
no tissues - specialized cells,
• reproduce sexually or asexually, and
they feed by filtering particles from
water.
Purple tube sponge
Cnidarians
•found in marine environments.
• radial symmetry and tentacles.
• a polyp form and a medusa form.
• Most are carnivorous
Brain Coral (Anthazoans)
Box jellyfish
(Scyphozoans)
Flatworms
Have soft bodies with bilateral symmetry and
no segments. No body cavity, specialized
respiratory (lungs) or circulatory (heart) organs.
Nutrients/gas pass through body. They can be
Tapeworm
found in the sea or on land.
(Cestoda)
Blue marine
flatworms
(Turbellia)
Round worms
• Nematodes.
• can be found anywhere.
• Feed on fungi, bacteria, and sometimes other round
worms. Most are parasitic but some are predators.
• Can be microscopic to 8m long
Pin worms
Caenorhabditis elegans
Hook
worms
(parasitic)
Annelids
Earth worm (land)
Leeches (water)
• Segmented worms
• found in freshwater, saltwater and on land.
• They have organs in each segment. Have a gut,
circulatory system and nervous system (with brain).
• Reproduce sexually and asexually
Arthropods
• Account for 2/3 of known species
• includes insects, arachnids and crustaceans.
• All have an exoskeleton, segmented bodies, and
jointed appendages.
• All but scorpions lay eggs. Some go through metamorphosis
(caterpillar - butterfly) before they reach maturity.
• They can be helpful (pollinators) or harmful (destroy crops,
spread disease)
Arachnids
• Arachnids include spiders, scorpions, ticks and mites
• All have 8 legs and are mostly found in terrestrial environments.
• No antennae and no wings.
Spiders: jumping
spider and banana
spider.
Scorpions: Asian forest
scorpion & Australian
wood scorpion
Mites: yellow
mite and
velvet mite.
Insects
• Most diverse group of
animals.
• Arthropods with hard
exoskeletons and
divided bodies.
• Have jointed legs and
compound eyes.
Mollusks
• Have the most varied body forms
• May have one or all: radula, shell made of calcium carbonate,
mantle, and gills.
• All consist of a head, body and foot.
• They can be filter feeders, herbivores, carnivores, eat dead
animals, parasites, or predators.
Cephalopods:
largest and most intelligent invertebrates including octopus, squid, and cuttlefish
They have tentacles with suckers on them
Flamboyant cuttlefish
They also have beaks and large brains
Giant Squid
Paper Nautilus
• Bivalves – Have a shell with two parts. Mussels, oysters and
clams.
Gastropods – most of the mollusks alive today. Various group including snails,
sea slugs and shells.
Crustaceans
Hermit Crab
Spiny Caribbean
lobster (decapods)
Barnacles (sessile)
Antarctic Krill
(copepods)
• Terrestrial – live on
land
• Aquatic – live in the
water
Echinoderms
Includes starfish, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers
Most have protective spines, some poisonous
Most feed on small organisms and organic matter.
Most can move, but some can not
Radial symmetry
Water-vascular system
Invertebrate
Chordates
• 2 groups of chordates with no vertebrae: lancets and
tunicates.
• Have notochords. All but tunicates have a hollow nerve
chord
White-spotted sea
squirt
Blue-bell tunicate
lancet
Vertebrates
• Animals with backbones.
• A very diverse group of animals that includes
amphibians, fish, reptiles, birds and mammals.
• have a skull made of bone which surrounds and
protects the brain.
• All vertebrates are also segmented, have 4 jointed
appendages and bilateral symmetry.
• They also have a chambered heart, closed circulatory
system, complex organs and a coelom.
Amphibians
•
•
•
•
Ectotherms
Adapted to life on land or in the water (most live near water)
Smooth skin with no scales
Some can change colors
• Reproduce sexually (some are hermaphroditic)
• Return to water to breed.
• Life cycles (metamorphosis): egg – larva – adult
• Frogs and toads • Both are amphibians and share similar features.
• 3 chambered hearts and well developed nervous system
• short bodies, no tails as adults, and their legs are adapted for jumping rather
than walking.
•Carnivores
Marine toad
Corroboree frog, red-eyed tree frog,
Newts and Salamanders – Some live
only on land and some only in water.
Carnivorous larva. Mostly found north of
the equator.
Tiger
salamander
Fire salamander
Siren
Newt
Caecilians – live underground or
underwater in tropical areas.
Resemble worms. Some lay
eggs while others have live
birth. Ex: Mexican caecilian,
ringed caecilian.
Reptiles
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Covered with scales
Have good senses
Ectothermic
Include snakes, crocodilians, and lizards.
Most lay eggs on land (even if they live in the water)
Most lay eggs but some have live young
Snakes and lizards have a Jacobson's organ.
• Snakes – no legs, outer ears or eyelids. Carnivorous. Can dislocate jaw.
Most lay eggs but some have live young. Ex: Gaboon viper, American copperhead,
Carpet python and yellow-bellied sea snake.
•Lizards – Most successful reptiles. Some can regenerate limbs. All over the world
except Antarctica. Ex: Thorny devil, web-footed geckos, armadillo lizard, and komodo
dragon.
Turtles and tortoises:
•
•
•
•
Turtles – water, tortoises – land (usual reference)
All have a shell (fused to skeleton), no teeth, 4 limbs,
Lay their eggs on land.
carnivores or herbivores
Tortoise: Galapagos tortoise, Indian star tortoise, pancake tortoise
Turtle: Green turtle, Alligator snapping turtle, Matamata
Crocodilians:
Large primitive reptiles. Extreme
predators (carnivores) who hunt prey or eat carrion. Most
live in fresh water. Females will care for and protect young
after they hatch.
Alligators - Only two species (Chinese and American). Live
mostly in the Americas or China.
Crocodiles – Several species. Some live in salt water. Live in
Asia, South America, Africa and Australia.
• Crocodiles
Nile Crocodile
Saltwater Crocodile
• Caimans – Live mostly in the
Americas or Africa.
• Gharials – Found in Asia.
Poorly developed limbs so
spends most of the time in the
water.
Fish
• Largest group of vertebrates
• Ectothermic
• Fertilization of eggs normally occurs outside of the
body, reproduction varies among types of fishes.
• Breathes through gills, covered in scales, streamlined
bodies for swimming,
• lives in all types of water. Few travel between salt
water and fresh water.
• 3 main groups: Cartilaginous fish, jawless fish, bony
fishes,
Sharks –successful predators. internal skeleton made of cartilage. Live in salt
water. Most are predators. Internal fertilization with young being born live or in a
egg case. Can sense electrical signals in the water.
Banded catshark
Basking shark
Hammerhead
• Rays – Have wing like fins and broad flat bodies. Most live in sea beds but
some live in open water.
Manta Ray
Spotted Eagle Ray
Bony fishes – large varied group of fishes. Most have a swim bladder.
Have a internal skeleton. Occur in all types of water all over the world.
Most have external fertilization
Marine fish: Morey eel, yellowfin tuna and clown fish.
• Jawless fish: first group of fish to appear. Primitive. 2 groups:
hagfish and lampreys. They lack a jaw.
Freshwater –
trout
salmon
Lobe-finned – enlarged fins that
are muscle attached to bone.
Zebra fish
Ray-finned – most primitive
bony fishes. Large freshwater
species
coelacanth
Longnose gar
Birds
• Birds are members of the class Aves.
• Most birds lack teeth and have a reduced tail.
• Their forelimbs have been modified into wings that enable flight
(however not all birds can fly).
• They have lightweight
bones and a body covered
with feathers (which also
enables flight)
• Birds have highly efficient lungs, divided
ventricles in their heart, and are warmblooded.
• Adapted differently depending on their way
of life.
Australian Warbler
Superb Lyrebird
Mockingbird
Songbirds: birds that have vocal cords that produce various
notes that are used to attract mates or to hold territories. They
include wrens, mockingbirds, canaries, and cardinals
Ducks: Mostly aquatic birds found in
sea water and freshwater. Usually
keep 1 mate. Migratory (mallard
duck, bufflehead, mandarin duck )
Birds of Prey: (Bald Eagle, Osprey,
Eagle Owl). Predatory birds that hunt
food usually while flying. Large and
powerful talons and beaks.
Hummingbirds: Very small birds native to America. Able
to hover in place and even fly backwards. Important
pollinators. Feed on nectar.
Examples: Green
violetear, Rufous
hummingbird,
hummingbird, Whitetailed humming bird,
Ex: Macaw, Kea, Lorikeet,
Parrots: About 300
species found in warm
or tropical regions.
Have curved bill and
strong legs. Most are
bright colors. Intelligent
and can imitate human
voices.
Mammals
Have hair, specialized teeth,
mammary glands, and are
endotherms.
Diverse in size, anatomy and
habitat range
•
1.
2.
3.
Efficient lungs, nervous system,
and a 4 chambered heart.
Young are dependent on parents
for long time
Three types:
Placentals: young develop in female. Vary in size, shape, diets, and
habitat. Ex: Whales, deer, lions
Marsupials: Mostly found in Australia and New Guinea, young are born
shortly after fertilization and complete development in mother’s pouch. Ex:
Kangaroos, opossums
Monotremes: Most primitive group, have reptilian appearance, lay eggs.
Have a cochlea. Ex: platypus
Carnivores and Omnivores:
• The category of mammals that eat meat. Carnivores such as lion,
wolves, or tigers eat only meat. Omnivores such as bears and
raccoons eat both meat and plants. Some are solitary and some live
in packs. (Placentals)
Family Mustelidae: the weasel family, the largest family in Carnivores.
Includes weasels, minks, badgers, wolverines, and otters
Cats: They come from the family felidae Strict carnivores! Solitary
Serval, sand cat, tiger, cheetah, lion
Dogs: live in groups called packs. They belong to the family canidae
(canids) Found all over the world.
Bears: (family Urisidae), most are omnivores. 8 species (and several sub species)
spread out over a wide variety of habitats. 6 species are vulnerable or
endangered.
Raccoons & relatives: (From the genus prycon), most are omnivores. 3
species. Common raccoon, crab-eating raccoon, and the Tres Marias raccoon.
The kinkajou, coati and red panda are relatives of
the raccoon.
• Bats – Only mammals that can fly. They have membraned
wings which are an extension of their back and belly skin
stretched over arms and hands. They live in tropical or
temperate environments. Diets can vary from fruit to
insects/birds/rodents/bats to blood.
Vampire bat
Spectral bat
Pallid bat
Rodriguez’s flying fox
• Insectivores – Small mammals that eat insects. They are normally active a
night. Most have small eyes and ears but larger snouts. Can be found
throughout the world.
Moonrat and hedgehog
Eurasian water shrew
Grant’s golden mole
and star nosed shrew
Southern shorttailed shrew
• Rodents – Almost
½ of mammals are rodents. They are found
everywhere except Antarctica and in every habitat on earth. They
easily adapt and thrive in many environments. They produce many
young. Most eat plants but some will eat small animals.
Woodchuck
Muskrat
Naked mole-rat
• Rabbits and hares – Medium sized rodent like mammals. They have large
incisors used for gnawing. Are herbivores. Have characteristic long ears, long hind
legs, and eyes on side of head (help to avoid predators).
Arctic hare
Black-tailed jackrabbit
• Ungulates – The various types of mammals with hooves. They are
widespread throughout the world and are very successful herbivores. Most
are fast enough to outrun predators. This group consists of even-toed and
odd-toed mammals. They can be solitary or live in large social groups.
Bongo
Odd-toed:
Grevy’s Zebra and white rhinoceros
Even-toed
Cetaceans – Mammals who have fish shaped bodies.
They have hairless bodies with flippers and tails. They can be
found in oceans all over the world. Cetaceans include whales,
dolphins, and porpoises.
Porpoises: Dall’s porpoise, Harbor porpoise, Vaquita,
Toothed whales: Sperm whale, Killer whale,
Dolphin: Dusky dolphin, Pacific white-sided dolphin, Common dolphin, Spinner dolphin,
Commerson’s dolphin, False killer whale, Amazon river dolphin
Baleen whales: Blue whale, Northern Pacific right whale,
humpback whale,
Pinnipeds –clumsy on land but fast in the water. Some can hold their breath
underwater for up to an hour while hunting. Seals cannot support themselves
upright on land. Most live in large colonies. All (but one species) live in salt
water.
Sea lions: California sea lion, New Zealand sea lion,
Seals: Northern fur seal, Antarctic fur seal, leopard seal,
Walrus
• Elephants – largest land animal. endangered herbivore. Has a
long trunk and tusks.
African elephant, African forest elephant, Indian elephant
• Manatee and dugong – closest living relative is the elephant. Endangered.
Live in Florida and India.
Primates – Prosimians, monkeys and apes. Found mostly in
tropical areas, most of the time in trees (South/Central
America, Africa and Madagascar). About 200 species.
• Examples: Golden lion
tamarin, western tarsier,
Chimpanzee, Spider monkey,
and Mandrill,
• Unusual placentals Edentata – Anteaters, armadillos
Tubulidentata - aardvarks
Hyracoidean - hyraxes
Dermoptera – flying lemurs
Macroscelidea –
elephant shrew
Marsupials – live offspring that are born shortly after fertilization and continue
development in mothers pouches. Most are found in Australia and New Guinea
Quoll
Tasmanian
Devil
Opossum
• Monotremes – Unusual primitive mammals that lay eggs. Have structures
that resemble reptiles. Consists of platypus and echidna. Carnivores that
lack teeth. Only 5 species
Babies!
• Viviparous
– Live birth
• Oviparous
– Lay eggs
• Ovoviviparous
– Egg is carried inside female until birth