Middle-Class Reform
Chapter 9:i
[Image source: America - Pathways to the Present, page 260.]
The reforms movement was
largely rooted in religious faith
of Protestant revivalists.
[Image source: Eyes of the Nation, page 102.]
Charles
Grandison
Finney, a
former
attorney,
sparked
revivals in
upper-state
New York.
[Image source:
http://www.cc.oberlin.edu/~EOG/images/Char
lesGrandisonFinney.html]
Lyman
Beecher, a
revivalist from
New England,
taught that
good people
would make a
good country.
[Image source:
http://www.npg.si.edu/exh/brady/gallery/07gal.html]
Rev. Beecher
became the
patriarch of a
great clan that
included . . .
[Image source:
http://newman.baruch.cuny.edu/digital/2001/beec
her/images/beecher_002.jpg]
preacher and
lecturer Henry
Ward Beecher,
[Image source: http://www.stereoviews.com/beecher1.jpg]
writer and
antislavery
activist
Harriet
Beecher
Stowe,
[Image source:
http://www.npg.si.edu/img2/brush/big/bigstow.jpg]
who wrote
Uncle Tom’s
Cabin, and
[Image source: http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/JACOBS/utcabin.gif]
Catherine
Beecher, a
key figure
in women’s
education.
[Image source:
http://www.pbs.org/kcet/publics
chool/images/inn_beecher.jpg]
Transcendentalism taught
that the process of spiritual
discovery and insight would
lead a person to profound
truths beyond human reason.
[Image source:
http://images.google.com/images?q=transcendentalism&hl=en&sa=N&tab=wi]
Poet Ralph
Waldo Emerson,
the leading
Transcendentalist
of his day, was
convinced that
people could
transcend the
material world.
[Image source: http://www.uua.org/info/Emerson-RalphWaldo.jpg]
Fellow
Transcendentalist
Henry David
Thoreau explored
the value of
leisure and the
benefits of living
closely with
nature.
[http://cgee.hamline.edu/see/thoreau/thor_head.gif]
Thoreau
published a
collection of
essays in 1854
describing his
experiment in
living simply.
[Image source: http://www.levity.com/seabrook/walden.gif]
Thoreau’s imprisonment for his
opposition to America’s war with
Mexico was described in an essay
entitled “Civil Disobedience”.
[Image source: http://info.pue.udlap.mx/ri/trabajos/1999/nt200925/battle6.GIF]
America’s
consumption
of alcoholic
beverages per
capita peaked
in the early1800s.
[http://www.librarycompany.org/Ardent%20Spirits/temperance-BrandyDrops.GIF]
[Image source: America - Pathways to the Present, page 285.]
Alcohol Consumption,
1800-1860
[Image source: America - Pathways to the Present, page 261.]
Reformers,
opposed to
alcohol
consumption,
preached the
value of selfcontrol and
self-discipline.
[Image source: America - Pathways to the
Present, page 283.]
[Image source: http://entomology.unl.edu/beekpg/tidings/btid1999/temperance.jpg]
Under the
leadership of
Horace Mann,
Massachusetts
pioneered
school reform,
making public
education free.
[http://www.pbs.org/kcet/publicschool/images/inn_mann.jpg]
[Image source: America - Pathways to the Present, page 262.]
Mann believed that education
could be used to promote selfdiscipline and good citizenship.
Many children
learned through a
popular series of
textbooks called
the McGuffy’s
Readers.
[Image source:
http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/library/watkinson/collections/images/children_1.jpg]
William
McGuffy
promoted
evangelical
Protestant values
such as thrift,
obedience,
honesty, and
temperance.
Schools were often segregated
by race as well as sex.
[Image source: America - Pathways to the Present, page 382.]
School Enrollment, 1840-1870
Schoolteacher
Dorothea Dix
submitted a
detailed report
to the state of
Massachusetts
revealing the
shocking
conditions
found in most
prisons.
[Image source:
http://www.scc.rutgers.edu/njwomenshistory
/Period_3/images/dix.jpg]
Miss Dix’s efforts resulted states
establishing separate institutions
for the mentally ill.
[Image source: http://darkspire.org/asylums/harrisburg_pa/daddix.gif]
Some reformers tried to create utopian
communties dedicated to perfection in
social and political conditions.
[Image source: America - Pathways to the Present, page 263.]
Scottish
industrialist Robert
Owen envisioned a
community where
well-educated,
hardworking people
would share
property in
common.
[Image source: http://images.google.com/images?num=20&hl=en&q=Robert+Owen]
Owen established New
Harmony, Indiana.
[Image source:
http://www.msdmv.k12.in.us/mvjhs/staff/Teacher's%20Web%20Sites/Orisky/harm.gif]
Bronson
Alcott, the
father of
Louisa May
Alcott, . . .
[Image source: http://www.alcottweb.com/picturegallery/images/bronsonlarge.jpg]
in association
with the
novelist
Nathaniel
Hawthorne,
[Image source: http://www.pem.org/images/hawthorne.jpg]
founded Brook Farm in 1841.
[Image source: America - Pathways to the Present, page 263.]
Most utopian
communities
were religiously
oriented, such
as the Ephrata
Cloisters in
Pennsylvania,
founded in
1732, . . .
[Image source: http://www2.cr.nps.gov/tps/tpsgraphics/cloisters.jpg]
[Image source: http://libwww.syr.edu/digital/images/o/OneidaCommunityPhotos/710.jpg]
the Oneida community in
Putney, Vermont, . . .
[Image source: http://www.borg.com/~mcholli/graphics/oneida29.jpg]
Zoar community in Ohio, . . .
[Image source: http://www.zca.org/images/memhead.jpg]
and the
Amana
Colonies
in Iowa.
[Image source: http://www.cr.nps.gov/NR/travel/amana/buildings/breadgirl3.gif]
The Shakers were an
offshoot of the Quakers.
[Image source: http://www.ohiohistory.org/places/shaker/images/shakers.gif]
N. O. Nelson
[Image source:
http://www.firehydrant.org/pictures/i/0463.jpg]