Civ IN- PowerPoint text- Lecture 9
Lecture 9A: Barbarians!
I)
The “Fall” (?) of Rome
II)
Conquest
III)
Resettlement
IDs:
Gibbon
“Dark Ages”
City of God
Huns
Visigoths
Adrianople
Sacking of Rome
Pope Leo I
Vandals
Ataulf
Conversions
Franks
Clovis the Merovingian
feudalism
•
The Middle Ages (500-1500 AD)
“The Dark Ages”
Why?
Who is blamed for this?
•
General Historiographical Debate:
The Western Empire (5th-6th Century AD)
The “Fall” of Rome?
Edward Gibbon (18th Century)
Barbarians and the end of western civilization
Beginning of “the Dark Ages”
Transition
Conversion of barbarians
Not all was lost
•
Western Empire:
Pre-Invasion Problems
Diocletian’s split- 284 AD
Eastern domination
Frontiers
Networks
•
II) Conquest
•
West Germanic Revolution
Continued organization:
Germans
Goths
•
The Huns
Arrive in Europe c. 370 AD
Feared horsemen
Broke the Gothic confederation
Defeat the Ostrogoths (eastern Goths)
Drove out Visigoths (western Goths)
•
The Visigoths (“Western Goths”)
Refugees in Eastern Empire
Mistreatment
Adrianople- 378
Theodosius and concessions
Westward movement
Rome in 410
•
The Sack of Rome
•
The Visigoths (“Western Goths”)
Continued westward movement
Move to Spain
Settle down
•
The Huns and Rome
Huns –440s AD
Diverted at Troyes
Rome in 451
Break through Roman defenses
•
Attila and Leo I
•
The Vandals
Began in 406 AD
Cut through Gaul and Spain
North Africa by 430
Sack Rome in 455 AD
•
The Vandals and Rome- 455 AD
•
III) Resettlement
•
Barbarian retirement?
Ataulf, Leader of the Visigoths:
“At the start I wanted to erase the Romans’ name and turn their land into a Goth empire, as Augustus
had done. But I learned that the Goths free-wheeling wildness will never accept the rule of law, and
that the state with no law is no state. Thus I have more wisely chosen another path to glory: reviving
the Roman name with Gothic vigor. I pray that future generations will remember me as the founder of a
Roman restoration.”
•
“Romanization” of the Barbarians
Non-Arian Christianity
(C. of Nicaea)
Roman Law
Romance Languages
Government
Remaining Romans: lords and knights
•
Clovis the Merovingian
(r. 485-511)
German leader of the Franks
Convert and Patron of Christianity
Later re-named “Louis”
•
The Origins of Feudalism:
5th to 7th Centuries
Breakdown of imperial networks
Cities destroyed by the Vandals
Regional governors
retreat to manors
Local warriors
(“knights”) hired for
Protection
Little help from. Rome
or Constantinople
•
Lecture 9B- The Byzantines
I)
Eastern Supremacy
II)
Expansion
IDs:
Cities and trade
Constantinople
Justinian
Theodora
Monophysites
Imperial church
Justinian’s Code
Slavs
Sassanids
•
Iconoclasm
Byzantine Empire
Eastern dominance
- after 400 AD
Cities and trade
•
Byzantine Cities
•
Byzantine Empire
Cities and trade
- tax money
- mercenaries
- bribes
“Heirs” of Rome
Justinian and Theodora (ruled 527-565 AD)
•
II) Expansion
•
Emperor Justinian (ruled 527-565) and Empress Theodora
Theodora’s origins and influence
- determination
- pragmatism
- Monophysites
Reunification of the Roman Empire
•
Justinian’s 3-Part Goal for Byzantine Empire
“United by
God
Empire, and
Laws”
•
Justinian’s 3-Part Goal for Byzantine Empire
“United by
God
•
Mosaic of Justinian (527-564)
•
Theodora, Wife of Justinian
•
Theodora, Mary, and Jesus
•
Justinian’s 3-Part Goal for Byzantine Empire
“United by
God,
Empire
•
Byzantine Empire
•
Justinian’s 3-Part Goal for Byzantine Empire
“United by
God
Empire, and
Laws”
•
Justinian’s Code
Older Roman Law
New Laws
•
Byzantine Breakdown (after Justinian)
Italy:
Lombards- c.572 AD
Balkans:
Slavs and Bulgars
Eastern border:
Sassanids
•
Sassanid Revival
610 AD- Chosroes II
613-Damascus
619- Jerusalem
627- Byzantine reconquest
Long term exhaustion
•
Icons
•
Mother of God
St. John of Damascus:
“I do not worship matter. I worship the God of matter, who became matter for my sake, and deigned to
inhabit matter, who worked out my salvation through matter.”
•
Iconoclasm
•
Iconoclasm
Idolatry?
Imperial view
Conflict in 726 AD:
Traditionalists
Vs.
Urban Christians
Suppression of monastaries
•
Lecture 9C: Islam
I)
Arab Culture
II)
Muhammad’s Life
III)
Islamic Expansion
IDs:
Bedouins
Kabbah
Qu’ran
Monotheism
Abrahamic tradition
“The Prophet”
Hegira
Umma
Caliph
Abu-Bakr
conversion?
Peoples of the Book
Ali
Sunni
Shi’a
•
(Shi’ite)
Islamic academies
Scripture and violence
"You shall destroy all the peoples ... showing them no pity." (7: 16)
“When we decide to destroy a population, we send a definite order to them who have the good things
in life and yet transgress; so that [the Divine] word is proved true against them: then we destroy them
utterly.” (17:16-17)
"... You shall put all its males to the sword. You may, however, take as your booty the women, the
children, the livestock, and everything in the town -- all its spoil -- and enjoy the use of the spoil of your
enemy which . . . God gives you." (20:14-15)
•
Sunday, November 22, 2003- NYT:
Story on Pres. George Bush declaring that Christians and Muslims “worship the same God”
Objections from some fundamentalist Christians
Response from Sayyid M. Syeed, secretary general of the Islamic Society of North America:
“Alhamdullah (Thanks be to God). We read again and again in the Koran that our God is the God
of Abraham, the God of Noah, the God of Jesus. It would not come to the mind of a Muslim that there
is a different God that Abraham or Jesus or Moses was praying to.”
•
NOSTRA AETATE (1965)
“3. The Church regards with esteem also the Moslems. They adore the one God, living and subsisting in
Himself; merciful and all- powerful, the Creator of heaven and earth, who has spoken to men; they take
pains to submit wholeheartedly to even His inscrutable decrees, just as Abraham, with whom the faith
of Islam takes pleasure in linking itself, submitted to God. Though they do not acknowledge Jesus as
God, they revere Him as a prophet. They also honor Mary, His virgin Mother; at times they even call on
her with devotion. In addition, they await the day of judgment when God will render their deserts to all
those who have been raised up from the dead. Finally, they value the moral life and worship God
especially through prayer, almsgiving and fasting.
Since in the course of centuries not a few quarrels and hostilities have arisen between Christians and
Moslems, this sacred synod urges all to forget the past and to work sincerely for mutual understanding
and to preserve as well as to promote together for the benefit of all mankind social justice and moral
welfare, as well as peace and freedom.”
•
Iyad Ameen Madani, the Secretary General for the Organization of Islamic Cooperation
-1.4 billion members, 57 countries
In a statement, he officially denounced the “forced deportation under the threat of execution” of
Christians, calling it a “crime that cannot be tolerated.” The Secretary General also distanced Islam from
the actions of the militant group known as ISIS, saying they “have nothing to do with Islam and its
principles that call for justice, kindness, fairness, freedom of faith and coexistence.”
•
Early Arabic Culture
Wilderness
Bedouins
Shrines as sanctuaries
Movement of trade routes
Shrines as cities
Mecca
•
Kabbah
•
II) Muhammad’s Life
•
Muhammad’s Life
(570-632 AD)
Early life- trader
610 AD-Muhammad’s conversion
Archangel Gabriel
Qu’ran- “recitations”
•
The Qu’ran (“Recitations”)
Major themes:
Absolute unity of God- monotheism
Evils of idolatry
Divine judgment
•
Islamic Theology
Monotheistic
Link with Judeo-Christian tradition
Abraham and Ishmael
“People of the Book”
Muhammad as the last Prophet
Practice over theology
•
Islamic Images- Ali and Mohammad
•
More early Islamic images
•
III) Islamic Expansion
•
The Hegira (622 AD)
Muhammad condemns polytheism
Persecution
Hegira- Flight to Medina
Umma
Battle with Meccans in 630 AD
•
Early Islamic Expansion
Reasons:
Mediator
Social equality
Weakened Byzantine and Sassanid empires
•
Islamic Succession- Caliphs
Successor?
Abu-Bakr:
Challenges
Reconversion
Arabia
Umar:
Expansion
Central Asia and North Africa
•
Islamic Empire and non-Muslims
Tribute over conversion
Non-Arabic Muslims?
Christians and Jews- “Peoples of the Book”