EFFECTS
CAUSES
The British East India Company:
 required sepoys, or Indian
soldiers in its service, to serve
anywhere, including overseas, which
violated Hindu religious law
 passed a law allowing Hindu
widows to marry, which undermined
Hindu beliefs
 ordered the sepoys to bite off
cartridges made of animal fat when
loading their rifles, which violated
both Hindu and Muslim religious law
The sepoys brutally massacred
British men, women, and children.
 The British took terrible
revenge, slaughtering thousands of
unarmed Indians.
 Both sides were left with a bitter
legacy of fear, hatred, and mistrust.
 The British put India directly
under British rule, sent more troops
to India, and taxed Indians to pay
for the cost of the occupying forces.

After 1858, Parliament set up a system of colonial
rule in India.
The British built roads and an impressive railroad network.
The British flooded India with machine-made textiles, ruining
India’s once-prosperous hand-weaving industry.
 Britain transformed Indian agriculture.
 Better health care and increased food production led to rapid
population growth. Over-population led to terrible famines.
 The British revised the Indian legal system.
 British rule brought peace and order to the countryside.
 Upper-class Indians sent their sons to British schools.
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During the Age of Imperialism, Indians and British
developed different views of each other’s culture.
INDIAN ATTITUDES
BRITISH ATTITUDES
Some educated Indians were
Most British knew little about Indian
impressed by British power and
achievements and dismissed Indian
technology and urged India to follow culture with contempt.
a western model of progress.
A few British admired Indian theology
and philosophy and respected India’s
Other Indians felt the answer to
ancient heritage.
change lay with their own Hindu or
Muslim cultures.
The British believed that western-educated Indians would form an elite
class which would bolster British rule.
As it turned out, exposure to European ideas had the opposite effect.
By the late 1800s, western-educated Indians were spearheading a
nationalist movement.
In 1885, nationalist leaders organized the Indian National Congress. Its
members looked forward to eventual self-rule, but supported westernstyle modernization.
In 1906, Muslims formed the Muslim League to pursue their own goals,
including a separate Muslim state.
Prior to the 1800s, Chinese rulers placed strict limits on foreign traders.
China enjoyed a trade surplus, exporting more than it imported.
Westerners had a trade deficit with China, buying more from the
Chinese than they sold to them.
In 1842, Britain made China accept the Treaty of Nanjing, the first in a
series of “unequal treaties” that forced China to make concessions to
western powers.
China paid a huge indemnity to Britain.
The British gained the island of Hong Kong.
China had to open five ports to foreign trade and grant British
citizens in China extraterritoriality.
By the 1800s, the Qing dynasty was in decline.
Irrigation systems and canals were poorly maintained,
leading to massive flooding of the Huang He valley.
 The population explosion that had begun a century earlier
created a terrible hardship for China’s peasants.
 An extravagant court, tax evasion by the rich, and
widespread official corruption added to the peasants’ burden.
 The civil service system was rocked by bribery scandals.
 Between 1850 and 1864, peasants took part in the Taiping
Rebellion, the most devastating revolt in history.

In the 1860s, reformers launched the “self-strengthening
movement” in an effort to westernize and modernize China.
The movement made limited progress because the government
did not rally behind it.
After China was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War, Emperor
Guang Xu launched the Hundred Days of Reform.
Conservatives soon rallied against the reform effort and the
emperor was imprisoned.
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As the century ended, anger grew against foreigners in China.
In the Boxer Rebellion, angry Chinese attacked foreigners across China.
In response, western powers and Japan crushed the Boxers.
Defeat at the hands of foreigners led China to embark on a rush of
reforms.
Chinese nationalists called for a constitutional monarchy or a republic.
When Empress Ci Xi died in 1908, China slipped into chaos.
In 1911, the Qing dynasty was toppled.
Sun Yixian was named president of the new Chinese republic. Sun
wanted to rebuild China on “Three Principles of the People”: nationalism,
democracy, and economic security for all Chinese.
By the 1800s, discontent simmered throughout Japan.
The government responded by trying to revive old ways.
The United States forced Japan to grant trading rights and forced
unequal treaties on Japan.
Some Japanese strongly criticized the shogun for not taking a
strong stand against the foreigners. Foreign pressure
deepened the social and economic unrest.
Discontented daimyo and samurai overthrew the shogun and
“restored” the emperor to power. The Meiji restoration, which
lasted from 1868 to 1912, was a major turning point in Japanese
history.
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The Meiji reformers wanted to replace the rigid feudal order with a
completely new political and social system and to build a modern
industrial economy.
GOVERNMENT
Adopted the German model of
government
Set forth the principle that all
people were equal under the
law
Established a western-style
bureaucracy
Used western technology to
strengthen the military
Ended the special privilege of
samurai
ECONOMIC
REFORMS
Encouraged Japan’s business
class to adopt western
methods
Built factories and sold them
to wealthy business families,
known as zaibatsu
SOCIAL CHANGE
Ended legal distinctions
between classes
Set up schools and a
university
Hired westerners to teach
the new generation modern
technology
Japan was a homogeneous society — that is, it had a
common culture and language that gave it a strong sense of
identity.

Economic growth during the Tokugawa times had set
Japan on the road to development.

The Japanese had experience learning from foreign
nations, such as China.
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The Japanese were determined to resist foreign rule.
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As with western industrial powers, Japan’s economic needs
fed its imperialist desires.
In 1894,Japan defeated
China in the Sino-Japanese
War, gaining treaty ports in
China and control over the
island of Taiwan.
In 1905, Japan defeated
Russia in the RussoJapanese War, gaining
control of Korea as well as
rights in parts of Manchuria.
In 1910, Japan annexed Korea,
absorbing the kingdom into the
Japanese empire and ruling it
for 35 years.
In their relentless race for raw materials, new markets, and
Christian converts, western industrial powers gobbled up
Southeast Asia.
By the 1890s, Europeans controlled most of Southeast Asia.
They:

introduced modern technology

expanded commerce and industry

set up new enterprises to mine tin and harvest rubber

brought in new crops of corn and cassava

built harbors and railroads
These changes benefited Europeans far more than the people of
Southeast Asia.
King Mongkut, who ruled from 1851 to 1868, set
Siam on the road to modernization.

Siam was forced to accept some unequal treaties
but escaped becoming a European colony.

Both Britain and France saw the advantage of
making Siam a buffer, or neutral zone, between
them.

In the early 1900s, Britain and France guaranteed
Siam its independence.

In the 1800s, the industrial powers began to take an interest in
the islands of the Pacific.
In 1878, the United States secured an unequal treaty from
Samoa. Later, the United States, Germany, and Britain agreed
to a triple protectorate over Samoa.
From the mid-1800s, American sugar growers pressed for
power in Hawaii. In 1898, the United States annexed Hawaii.
At the conclusion of the Spanish-American War, the Philippines
was placed under American control. The United States
promised Filipinos self-rule some time in the future.
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In 1945, Japan lay in ruins. What factors allowed Japan to recover and produce
an economic miracle?
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Japan’s success was based on producing goods for export. At first, the nation
manufactured textiles. Later, it shifted to making steel, and then to high
technology.
While Japan had to rebuild from scratch, the nation had successfully
industrialized in the past. Thus, it was able to quickly build efficient, modern
factories and adapt the latest technology.
Japan benefited from an educated, highly skilled work force.
Japanese workers saved much of their money. These savings gave banks the
capital to invest in industrial growth.
Japan did not have to spend money on maintaining a large military force.
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The oil crisis of the 1970s brought home Japan’s dependence on the
world market. In response to the economic challenge the oil crisis
presented, Japan sought better relations with oil-producing nations of
the Middle East.

Japan has had to deal with nations that still held bitter memories of
World War II. Japan was slow to apologize for its wartime actions. In
the 1990s, Japanese leaders offered some public regrets for the
destruction of the war years.

For many years, Japan took a back seat in international politics. More
recently, it has taken on a larger world role. Today, Japan ranks as the
world’s largest donor of foreign aid.

In the 1990s, Japan faced a terrible economic depression. Many
workers lost the security of guaranteed lifetime employment, and
confidence was undermined.
 In the 1990s, charges of corruption greatly weakened Japan’s
dominant political party, the LDP. Some younger, reform-minded
politicians broke with the LDP, threatening its monopoly on power.
 Today, most Japanese live in crowded cities in tiny, cramped
apartments.
 While women have legal equality, traditional attitudes keep them in
subordinate positions in the workplace.
 For decades, Japanese sacrificed family life to work long hours. Many
younger Japanese, however, want more time to enjoy themselves. Some
older Japanese worry that the old work ethic is weakening.

Although some reforms did result in more access to education and greater
equality, people in China paid a heavy cost for Mao’s programs. During the
1950s and 1960s, two efforts in particular led to economic disaster and
tremendous loss of life.
In the “Great Leap Forward,” Mao urged people to make
a superhuman effort to increase farm output.
• Food output slowed and backyard industries turned out
low-quality, useless goods.
• A terrible famine occurred. Between 1959 and 1961,
up to 30 million Chinese starved to death.
The goal of the Cultural Revolution was to purge China of
“bourgeois” tendencies.
• The Cultural Revolution convulsed China. Schools and
factories closed. The economy slowed, and civil war
threatened.
RELATIONS WITH THE
RELATIONS WITH THE
SOVIET UNION
UNITED STATES
Stalin sent economic aid and
At first, the United States refused to
technical experts to China, but he
recognize the People’s Republic of
and Mao disagreed on many issues. China and for years tried to isolate
China.
China and the Soviet Union
competed for influence in
Slowly, relations improved.
developing nations.
In 1979, the United States set up
By 1960, border disputes and clashes
formal diplomatic relations with
over ideology led the Soviets to
withdraw all aid and advisers from China.
China.
The crackdown showed that China’s Communist
leaders were determined to maintain control. To
them, order was more important than political
freedom.
By the late 1980s, some Chinese were demanding
greater political freedom and economic reform.
In 1989, thousands of demonstrators occupied
Tiananmen Square and called for democracy.
The government sent in troops and tanks.
Thousands of demonstrators were killed or
wounded.
China’s human rights abuses have brought strong
pressure from trading partners such as the United States.
Population growth strained the economy and posed a
challenge for the future.
As communist ideology weakened, government
corruption became a growing problem.
Many state-run industries were inefficient, but could not be
closed without risking high unemployment and economic
chaos.
Inequalities between rich and poor urban and rural
Chinese continued to grow.
The term “Asian tigers” refers to Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore,
and South Korea.
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All four are small Asian lands that became
“newly industrialized countries” by the 1980s.
They are known for their aggressive economic growth.
Although they differ in important ways, all followed similar roads
to modernization after 1945.
All four were influenced by China.
In each, the Confucian ethic shaped attitudes about work.
All four had stable governments that invested in education.
Both Taiwan and Hong Kong have deep cultural
and historical links to China.
TAIWAN
HONG KONG
Taiwan was ruled by China
until 1895, when it fell to
Japan.
The Japanese built some
industry, providing a
foundation for later growth.
Taiwan first set up light
industries and later,
developed heavy industry.
After the Cold War,
Taiwanese businesses
invested in companies on the
Chinese mainland.
Britain won Hong Kong from
China after the Opium War.
Hong Kong’s prosperity was
based largely on trade and
light industry.
Hong Kong also became a
world financial center.
Hong Kong’s amazing growth
was due in part to its location
on China’s doorstep.
In 1997, Britain returned Hong
Kong to China.
During his 30 years in power, Prime Minister Lee Kwan Yew:
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supported a free-market economy
attracted foreign capital by keeping labor costs low
expanded Singapore’s seaport into one of the world’s busiest harbors
welcomed skilled immigrants
insisted on education for all of Singapore’s people
encouraged high-tech industries, manufacturing, finance, and tourism
followed a Confucian model of development, emphasizing hard work
and saving money
After World War II, the Soviet Union and the United States divided
Korea along the 38th parallel.
Before long, North Korea became a communist ally of the Soviet
Union. The United States backed noncommunist South Korea.
In 1950, North Korea attacked South Korea. The war turned into a
stalemate.
In 1953, both sides signed an armistice, or end to fighting. The
armistice has held for 50 years, but no peace treaty has ever been
negotiated.
In mainland Southeast Asia, an agonizing liberation struggle
tore apart the region once known as French Indochina.
VIETNAM
Communists fought against noncommunists supported by the
United States for control of
Vietnam.
After the United States withdrew
from the war, the North
Vietnamese reunited the country
under communist rule.
The communist victors imposed
harsh rule in the south.
Vietnam had to rebuild a land
destroyed by war.
CAMBODIA
During the Vietnam War, fighting
spilled over into neighboring
Cambodia.
In 1970, the United States bombed
and then invaded Cambodia.
When the United States left,
communist guerrillas called
Khmer Rouge, led by Pol Pot,
slaughtered more than a million
Cambodians.
In 1979, Vietnam invaded and
occupied Cambodia.
In 1946, the Philippines gained freedom after almost 50 years of American
rule.
In 1965, Ferdinand Marcos was elected president. Marcos promised
reform but became a dictator.
In 1986, the people of the Philippines forced Marcos to leave in what was
called the “people power” revolution.
Corazón Aquino became president and restored the fragile democracy.
Challenges:
•
•
•
The country enjoyed economic growth during the 1990s, but many
people remained poor.
Government corruption and guerrilla wars threatened the nation’s
stability.
The Philippines experienced rapid urbanization.
Natural disasters caused setbacks.
•
Many enterprising Filipinos left the country.
•
Southeast Asian nations faced many problems after
independence.
They lacked experience in self-government.
They faced complex ethnic and religious conflicts.
Demands for political freedom and social justice
were frequent.
MYANMAR
INDONESIA
For years, repressive
military rulers battled rebel
ethnic minorities. They
isolated the country and
imposed state socialism.
Geography posed an obstacle
to unity in Indonesia.
In 1990, the government
held elections. The
opposition party won, but
the military rejected the
election results.
The 1997 Asian financial
crisis led to riots against the
government.
Under authoritarian rule,
Indonesia made great
economic progress.
A new government was elected
and faced many problems.
In the modern global economy, Southeast Asia
and East Asia are part of a vast region known as
the Pacific Rim. It includes countries in Asia and
the Americas that border the Pacific Ocean.
By the 1990s, the volume of trade across the Pacific
Rim was greater than that across the Atlantic. The region
has potential for further growth.

Countries on the Pacific Rim formed a huge market
that lured investors, especially multinational
corporations.

The development of the Pacific Rim promises to bring
the Americas and Asia closer together.

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After World War II, Britain finally agreed to Indian demand for
independence.
Muslims insisted on their own state, Pakistan.
Riots between Hindus and Muslims persuaded Britain to
partition, or divide, the subcontinent.
In 1947, British officials created Hindu India and Muslim
Pakistan.
As Hindus and Muslims crossed the borders, violence erupted
in Northern India.
Ten million refugees fled their homes. At least a million people,
including Mohandas Gandhi, were killed.
Even after the worst violence ended, Hindu-Muslim tensions
persisted.
Long-Term
Causes
Short-Term
Causes
Muslim conquest of northern
India in 1100s
World War II weakens European
colonial empires
British imperialism in India
Pressure from Indian nationalists
increases
Nationalists organize the
Indian National Congress in
1885
Muslim nationalists form
separate Muslim League in
1906
Insistence by Muhammad Ali
Jinnah and the Muslim League
that Muslims have their own state
Rioting between Hindus and
Muslims throughout northern
India
Effects
Violence erupts as millions
of Hindus and Muslims
cross the border between
India and Pakistan
Gandhi is assassinated by
Hindu extremists
India and Pakistan
become centers of Cold
War rivalry
Establishment of the state
of Bangladesh
Connections
To Today
Continuing clash between
India and Pakistan over
Kashmir
Nuclear arms race as both
India and Pakistan refuse to
sign Non-Proliferation Treaty
POLITICAL
India’s constitution set up a
federal system.
For 40 years after
independence, the Nehru
family led India.
India’s size and diversity
have contributed to religious
and regional divisions.
Today, India is the world’s
largest democratic nation.
ECONOMIC
India adopted a socialist
model to expand agriculture
and industry.
Rapid population growth hurt
efforts to improve living
conditions.
An economic slowdown forced
India to privatize some
industries and make foreign
investment easier.
SOCIAL
Urbanization undermined
some traditions, but most
Indians continued to live in
villages.
The government tried to
end discrimination based
on caste. However, deep
prejudice continued.
1
PAKISTAN
After independence, military leaders
seized power and ruled as dictators.
When civilian leaders were finally
elected, the military continued to
intervene.
The country lacked natural resources
for industry.
Ethnic rivalries fueled conflicts.
Severe economic problems and
corruption plagued the government.
Forty percent of the nation’s budget
goes to repaying foreign debt.
BANGLADESH
In 1971, Bengalis declared
independence for Bangladesh.
Geography has made it difficult to
rise out of poverty.
Explosive population growth has
further strained resources.
Since the early 1990s, civilian
governments have worked to
encourage foreign investments.