4.01 Remember the
structures of the urinary
system
What are the structures of the urinary system?
4.01 Remember the structures of the urinary system
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Essential Questions
 What
are the functions of the urinary system?
 What
are some disorders of the urinary system?
 How
are disorders of the urinary system treated?
 How
do you relate the body’s hormone control to
the urinary system?
4.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the urinary system
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 Kidneys
 Ureters
 Bladder
 Urethra
 Urinary
meatus
4.01 Remember the structures of the urinary system
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Kidneys (p. 567)
 External structures
 Renal capsule
 Renal hilum
 Internal structures
 Renal cortex
 Renal medulla
 Renal pelvis
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External kidney
• Renal fascia
 Fibrous layer of
connective tissue
• Renal hilum
 Indentation that gives the
kidney its bean-shaped
appearance
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Internal kidney (p.
567)
• Renal cortex
 Outer layer
• Renal medulla
 Middle layer
• Renal pelvis
 Innermost layer
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Renal cortex
• Composed of millions of
microscopic functional
units called nephrons
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Nephron

Functional unit of
kidney
• Renal corpuscle
 Bowman’s capsule
 Glomerulus
• Renal tubule
 Proximal convoluted
tubule
 Loop of Henle
 Distal convoluted tubule
 Collecting tubules
Each kidney contains about
1.3 MILLION nephrons!
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Renal medulla




Inner, striated layer
RENAL PYRAMIDS
are the striated cones.
Base of each pyramid
faces cortex, while
apex empties into
cuplike cavities called
CALYCES
Renal columns
 Located between
the pyramids
 Cortical tissue
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Renal pelvis
• Funnel shaped
structure at the
beginning of the
ureter
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Ureters (p. 588)
• Muscular tube
extending from
each kidney to the
urinary bladder
Ureters
• Lined by a
mucous
membrane
• 10-12” long
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Urinary bladder
• Hollow muscular organ
• Located in pelvic cavity
• Made of elastic fibers and
involuntary muscles
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Female
Urethra (p. 589)
• Connects the bladder
to the outside of the
body
 Female 1-2” long
 Male 4-6” long
Urinary meatus
• Opening to the outside
of the body
Male
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Functions:
 Excretion
 Formation
 Fluid
of urine
and electrolyte balance
 Elimination
of urine
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Excretion (p.566)
What
Why
is excretion?
does the body have excretory functions?
What
is the composition of wastes excreted by
the urinary system?
How
is it relevant to health?
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Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
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• Blood from renal
artery enters
glomerulus
• High pressure in
glomerulus forces
fluid into Bowman’s
capsule, where it is
filtered
• (p.566, 577)
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BOWMAN’S CAPSULE
 Bowman’s
capsule filters out 125cc of fluid/min.
…how many cc’s per hour is this?
 As the filtrate continues through nephron, 90%
of water is reabsorbed—what would happen if
reabsorption here failed?
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 What substances are
 Where do they go?
reabsorbed?
 If
blood levels of certain substances are high,
the substances will not be reabsorbed.
 How does this help maintain homeostasis?
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What is secretion?
Describe how this
process is the opposite
of reabsorption….
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 What
substances are secreted into the
collecting tubules?
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Fluid and electrolyte balance
 Electrolytes
are selectively secreted to
maintain body’s acid-base balance.
• What are electrolytes?
• What do they do?
• What is the relevance to health?
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Fluid and electrolyte balance
Chemical control (p. 583)
•
•
ADH
Aldosterone
Nervous control
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Fluid and electrolyte balance
Chemical control
•
ADH – Antidiuretic hormone
•
Aldosterone
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Fluid and electrolyte balance
Chemical control
 ADH
is released by the posterior pituitary
gland
 What is the function of ADH (antidiuretic
hormone)?
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Fluid and electrolyte balance
Chemical control
 The
amount of ADH produced is related to
the level of body hydration
 What factors regulate the release of ADH?
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Forming more dilute urine:
Define “dilute urine”
 What
are diuretics?
 What effect do they have on the production of
urine?
 Give examples of substances that have diuretic
effects.
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Fluid and electrolyte balance
Chemical control
Aldosterone
 Where
does it come from?
 What does it do?
 Aldosterone release is the result of the reninangiotensin system. What does this mean?
4.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the urinary system
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Fluid and electrolyte balance
What effect does this cycle have on your blood pressure?
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Fluid and electrolyte balance
Nervous control
 How
does the nervous system
control urinary secretions?
 What other systems are involved in
the production and excretion of
urine?
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Review urine formation, electrolyte exchange,
and some factors that effect urine volume.
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 What
do you predict will happen to blood
pressure when the blood volume increases?
 What
if blood
volume decreases?
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 If
more water is reabsorbed back into the
body---what will happen to urine
concentration?
 (more or less concentrated?)
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Elimination of urine
What causes the bladder to empty?
Is this a voluntary or involuntary action?
What can prevent urination?
How is urinary retention treated?
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Elimination of urine
Urinary output
Average urinary output = 1500 ml per day
*How many ounces is this?
What effects
the color of
your urine?
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An examination of urine
 What
does normal urine look like?
 What constitutes an abnormal urinalysis?
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4.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the urinary system
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Cystitis
 What
is cystitis
(cyst= medical term for ____ +itis =___ )
 Most
common cause: E. Coli
 What
are the major symptoms of cystitis?
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Cystitis
 More
common in females—Why ??
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Glomerulonephritis
 Disease which
injures the
glomerulus.
 What
will happen
as a result of
damaged
glomeruli?
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Glomerulonephritis
 Two
types:
• Acute
• Chronic
 Define
these terms.
 How
do these terms relate to
glomerulonephritis symptoms?
 What
is the prognosis for each?
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Renal calculi
Also known as nephrolithiasis
nephro lith iasis
What are renal calculi made of?
What are the symptoms?
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Renal calculi
 What
will happen if
the ureters are
blocked?
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Renal calculi
 How
is it treated?
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Renal calculi
 How does lithotripsy work?
 Is it a cure?
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Renal failure
 Acute
• What causes it?
• What are the symptoms?
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Renal failure
chronic
 May be none in early stages, urinalysis
may reveal proteinuria
 Why
would protein be present in the
urine?
 Why
is this not normal?
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Renal Failure
 Chronic
kidney
disease leads to a
buildup of fluid
and waste
products in the
body.
 How
are these
systems affected
by renal failure?
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Renal Failure
 How
is it treated?
• Peritoneal dialysis
• What is the process
involved in this
treatment?
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Renal Failure
 How
is it treated?
• Hemodialysis
• What is
hemodialysis?
• What determines
the patient’s
treatment
schedule?
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Renal Failure
 Compare the treatment of acute and
chronic renal failure.
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How does hemodialysis mimic
glomerular function?
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Renal transplant
 What
is involved in this treatment option?
 When does a patient get a transplant?
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Renal transplant
What is the
major
complication of
renal
transplantation?
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 Essential
Questions
 What
are the functions of the urinary system?
 What
are some disorders of the urinary system?
 How
are disorders of the urinary system treated?
 How
do you relate the body’s hormone control to
the urinary system?
4.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the urinary system
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