SOUTH AMERICA
Midterm test and Grade Distribution
Review
South America




FTAA & Hidrovia
Urbanization
Latin American City Model
Regional perspectives
Midterm Grade Distribution
Average = 64.8% C
14
12
Frequency
10
8
6
4
2
0
F
D
D+
C-
C
C+
B-
Letter Grade
B
B+
A-
A
A+
Histogram
25
Frequency
20
15
10
5
0
21-30
31-40
41-50
51-60
61-70
Percent
71-80
81-90
91-100
Scattergram: Map test & Midterm
100
90
Grade on midterm
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
5
10
15
Grade on map test
20
25
Learning Tip (see outline)
Content-intensive course
Plan on reading a chapter each week: three
hours.
Reading for mastery is an active learning
process.
Highlighters encourages poor reading habits

Detracts from successful learning.
Make notes

Focus on key ideas
 Emphasize the way concepts and facts are structured.
ECONOMIC INTEGRATION
(CONTINUED)
Free Trade Area of the
Americas (FTAA)

Unique initiative
Hidrovía ParaguayParaná
Navigation for barges
up to 2.8 m draft.
Exports of soybeans
& minerals
Major channel
straightening,
dredging, and
removal of rock
outcrops.
Loss of wetland
habitat
Urbanization
The percentage of a country’s
population living in urban areas
79% of 365 million
Rural-urban migration


Push
Pull
The “Latin American City” model
GENERALIZED MODEL OF
THE LATIN AMERICAN CITY
Commercial/Industrial
CBD
Commercial
Spine
GENERALIZED MODEL OF
THE LATIN AMERICAN CITY
Commercial/Industrial
Elite Residential Sector
CBD
GENERALIZED MODEL OF
THE LATIN AMERICAN CITY
Commercial/Industrial
Elite Residential Sector
CBD
Zone of Maturity
GENERALIZED MODEL OF
THE LATIN AMERICAN CITY
Commercial/Industrial
Elite Residential Sector
CBD
Zone of Maturity
Zone in Situ Accretion
GENERALIZED MODEL OF
THE LATIN AMERICAN CITY
Commercial/Industrial
Elite Residential Sector
CBD
Zone of Maturity
Zone in Situ Accretion
Zone of peripheral
squatter settlements
GENERALIZED MODEL OF
THE LATIN AMERICAN CITY
Commercial/Industrial
Disamenity
Disamenity
CBD
Elite Residential Sector
Zone of Maturity
Zone in Situ Accretion
Zone of peripheral
squatter settlements
Belém, Brazil
Planned housing: Zihuatanejo
Unplanned housing: Zihuatanejo
Spontaneous
Housing
Settlements:
Favela in Rio
de Janiero
Population
Cartogram
Kourou
The North
Andean
countries
BRAZIL
26 states
175 million
#5 in
population
and area
BRAZIL
Ethnic diversity - European, African,
and Amerindian
Portugese & Roman Catholic
Mineral resources: iron, aluminum
ore, manganese, oil, and gas
Newly industrializing country
Social inequality
Rio de Janiero
Cultural capital
Capital 1763-1960
Cristo Redentor
Rio de Janeiro
High rise
apartment
tower and
favelas
BRASILIA

Forward capital

1957-60

What is the
contested territory?
Growth Pole Theory
Promote growth in the hinterland
Concentrated investment
 Create jobs in depressed areas
 Reduce uneven concentrations of wealth
 Decentralize industry
“Ripples” of development
Spread effects
Backwash
São Paulo




Inland
Industrial centre
Business capital
25 million
There’s no place
like home…
Guarapiranga Reservoir
São Paulo’s Growth
Fazendas
Immigration
 Skilled labor
 Relative location
 Minas Gerais
 Power
 Santos
Itaipu Dam
Southern Cone