Appendicular Skeleton: Lower
Extermity
CH 7
Let’s review…
 The appendicular skeleton is one of two components of the
vertebrate skeleton : axial and appendicular
 The appendicular skeleton is made up of 126 bones
 The appendicular skeleton anchors our appendages to the axial
skeleton
 There are two parts to the appendicular skeleton: the Upper and
Lower parts
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The upper appendicular skeleton consists of the pectoral girdle and the
forelimbs (arms)
Pectoral girdle consists of the scapula (shoulder blade) and the clavicle (collar
bone)
The pectoral girdle serves as a insertion place for muscles to move our
forelimbs
There are 30 bones in each forelimb
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a. humerus : 1 bone
b. Forearm : radius (1 bone) Ulna ( 1 bone)
c. wrist : carpal (8 bones)
d. palm : metacarpals (5 bones)
e. Phalanges (14 bones)
Lower Appendicular Skeleton
 The pelvic girdle and the lower limbs are part of the lower
appendicular skeleton
 The pelvic girdle.....
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Attaches lower limbs to the axial skeleton
transfers the weight from the upper body to the lower limbs
Some of the strongest ligaments attach the pelvis to the axial skeleton
Cup like holes and strong ligaments attach thigh bones to the pelvic girdle, this
explains why our legs aren't as mobile as our arms
There are 30 bones in the lower limbs.....
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thigh : femur (1 bone)
knee : patella (1 bone)
Leg : tibia (1 bone), fibula (1 bone), tarsals (7 bones)
foot : metatarsals (5 bones), Phalanges (14 bones)
 The purpose of the lower limb is for weight bearing and propulsion
of the body
Pelvic Girdle: Parts to know
Bones: Ilium, Ischuim,
Pubis
Acetabulum, Iliac crest, iliac
fossa, anterior superior iliac
spine, greater sciatic notch,
ischial tuberosity, obturator
foramen, symphysis pubis
Pelvic Girdle
Pelvic Girdle
 Two Joints:
 Sacroillac
Snovial-gliding
 Tight ligaments
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Pubic Symphysis
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Cartilaginous joint
 fibrocartilage
Male vs. Female Pelvic Girdle
 A. Size
 The male skeleton is larger than most
female ones.
 B. Pelvic angle
1.
The angle at the front of the female's
pelvis is wider than the male's.
2.
The male’s pelvis is more funnelshaped while the female’s is
shallower and wider.
3.
The female pelvis is shaped so that
the baby’s body can be cradled in it
before birth and so it can pass
through it during birthing.
 In other words: the Female pelvis
is:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Broader!
Less tall
Flatter sacrum
Larger birth canal
Subpubic angle greater than 100
degrees
Pelvic Girdle Movements
 Sagittal Plane
 Anterior tilt
 Posterior tilt
(ASIS movement)
 Frontal Plane
 Lateral tilt right
 Lateral tilt left
(lowest side)
 Transverse Plane
 Rotation right
 Rotation left
The Hip Joint
Members of the Hip Joint
 Hip
 Acetabulum (socket)
 Femur
 Head of femur
 Classification:
 Synovial: Ball & Socket
Multiaxial
 Complex
 Stable (strong ligaments!)
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Angle of Inclination
Angle of Inclination
Coxa Valga
Coxa Vara
Femur
 Parts to know:
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Head
(fovea capitis)
Neck
Greater trochanter
Lesser trochanter
Lateral condyle
Medial condyle
Lateral epicondyle
Medial epicondyle
Intercondylar fossa
Tibia (shin bone)
 Parts to Know:
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Medial Condyle
Lateral Condyle
Tibial tuberosity
Medial malleolus
Knee Joint
Movements:
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1.
Reference angle
Saggital plane
Flexion/Extension
2.
Transverse plane
Medial/lateral rotation
3.
Frontal plane
Abduction (valgus)
Adduction (varus)
Fibula
 Parts to know:
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Head of fibula
Lateral malleolus
Ankle Joint
 Ankle Joint: Talocrural
 Bones: Tibia, fibula, talus
(trochlear surface)
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Synovial joint -hinge
Ankle Joint movement
 Saggital Plane
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Dorsiflexion
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Anterior angle decreasing less
than 90 degrees
Plantarflexion
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Anterior angle increasing
greater than 90 degrees
Intertarsal Joints
 Identify: Talus (ankle bone),
Calcaneus (heel bone)
 7 intertarsal joints
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Synovial gliding
 Most movement occurs in rear
foot motion
Intertarsal Movement
 Frontal Plane
 Inversion
 Eversion
 Circumduction
 Combo of ankle and
intertarsal movement
*most commonly injured
joint in the body!
The Foot
 Function
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Supports body
Shock absorption
Movement
 Arches
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Longitudinal
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Medial – flexible, important in
shock absorption
Lateral
transverse
Study!!!