1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Human nature: inherently good and cooperative
Good of society more important than individual
Belief in principles of egalitarianism among human beings
Capitalism has grave moral flaws, such as inequalities of wealth, income, opportunity, and power; excessive individualism, competition, materialism, exploitation of working class
Support for communal or public ownership of means of production
Some kind of socio-economic reform or even revolution is necessary to remedy the excesses of liberalism

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Reacted to the excesses and injustice of capitalism
Transformation of society into small communities
Radical redistribution of wealth and abolition of private property
Understood the rights of women to be an integral part of the realization of an egalitarian society
Attainment of socialism through a gradual, nonviolent, moral revolution; education was key to social change
Charles Fourier, Pierre Proudhon, William
Thompson and Anna Wheeler

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Iron Law of Wages (David Ricardo): the worker is never paid more than enough to assure a supply of labor; this amount is no more than basic subsistence for worker and family
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Theory of Surplus Value (Ricardo): worker produces more value than he receives in the form of wages; cost of production does not measure profit
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Bourgeoisie and Proletariat
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Dialectical Materialism: all goods are material, and material goods are the sources of power

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Scientific socialism: socialism was going to happen in accordance with certain objective historical laws
Desirable end: communism, defined as the common ownership of the means of production
The dialectical struggle between classes propels history forward; dialectical method—progress results from the conflict of opposing forces
The group controlling economic capital controls the political, social, and cultural system of society
Theory of violent revolution in most developed capitalist societies

Superstructure
Law Philosophy
Forms and principles of government Moral codes
Political theory Religion
Art
Structure (Economic, Material Foundation of Society)
Relations of Production Social Relationships
Class Structure
Command and Obey
Owners and Workers
Resources and Technology
Forces of Production
(Means of Production)

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Abolition of property in land and application of all rents of land to public purposes.
A heavy progressive or graduated income tax.
Abolition of all right of inheritance.
Confiscation of the property of all emigrants and rebels.
Centralization of credit in the hands of the State, by means of a national bank with State capital and an exclusive monopoly.
Centralization of the means of communication and transport in the hands of the State.
Extension of factories and instruments of production owned by the State; the bringing into cultivation of waste-lands, and the improvement of the soil generally in accordance with a common plan.
Equal liability of all to labor. Establishment of industrial armies, especially for agriculture.
Combination of agriculture with manufacturing industries; gradual abolition of the distinction between town and country, by a more equal distribution of the population over the country.
Free education for all children in public schools. Abolition of children's factor labor in its present form. Combination of education with industrial production.

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“Let the ruling classes tremble at a
Communistic revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win.”
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Workers of the world, Unite!
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End of 19 th century: Marxism split into three variants:
1. Orthodox Marxism
2. Marxist-Leninist
3. Revisionist Marxists—developed into democratic socialism of today

Marxist-Leninism:
1.
2.
Revolution is possible in semi-industrial states
Imperialism added New Life to
Capitalism
3.
4.
Vanguard was needed to act and decide on behalf of working class
Socialism, the last step before communism, still required state in form of the dictatorship of the proletariat

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Attainment of social change through peaceful political means
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Establishment of political democracy— representative government
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Establishment of economic socialism; state control of key enterprises/economic sectors
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Belief in liberal values such as individual and civil rights