369 AP US HISTORY AMERICA: PAST AND PRESENT EIGHTH EDITION CHAPTER 5- THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION FROM ELITE PROTEST TO POPULAR REVOLT, 1763-1783 Learning Targets 1. Explain why both the American gentry and the common folk supported the American Revolution. 2. Describe the “expectant” nature of American society in the 1760’s especially in regard of colonial assemblies 3. Assess and explain the responsibility of George III and Parliament for the loss of their American colonies 4. Describe each of the fundamental principles and the “politics of virtue” of the American perspective on imperial politics 5. Analyze both the motivation for Grenville’s regulations and the popular mass movement that formed in resistance to them. 6. Trace the Townshend duties from their origins through the American resistance to their repeal 7. Trace the growing conflict between the colonists and the North ministry from the Tea Act through the fighting at Lexington and Concord 8. Analyze the American decision to declare independence from the convening of the Second Continental Congress to the Declaration of Independence 9. Compare and contrast the military assets and liabilities of both the British and American forces in the Revolutionary War 10. Describe the role of African Americans in the fighting of the American Revolution 11. Explain the significance of the American victory at Saratoga, Trenton, Yorktown, Bunker Hill 12. Trace the American diplomacy leading to the treaties with the French in February 1778 13. Analyze the British southern strategy from their victory at Charleston to Cornwallis’s defeat the Yorktown 14. Explain how American Loyalists were the greatest losers in the American Revolution 15. Analyze the role of diplomacy in the success of the American Revolution. 16. Describe and explain the role of colonial religious values in promoting the revolutionary ferment and patriotism of the common folk in the American Revolution AP Topic Outline for Chapters 5-6 The American Revolutionary Era, 1754–1789 The French and Indian War The Imperial Crisis and resistance to Britain The War for Independence State constitutions and the Articles of Confederation The federal Constitution The Early Republic, 1789–1815 Washington, Hamilton, and shaping of the national government Emergence of political parties: Federalists and Republicans Republican Motherhood and education for women Beginnings of the Second Great Awakening Significance of Jefferson’s presidency 2 Important Terms: GEORGE III ASSEMBLIES/POWER OF THE PURSE ACTUAL VS. VIRTUAL REPRESENTATION LOCKE’S SOCIAL CONTRACT CIVIC VIRTUE/PUBLIC VIRTUE PROCLAMATION OF 1763 SUGAR ACT (1764) STAMP ACT (1765) SONS AND DAUGHTERS OF LIBERTY STAMP ACT CONGRESS QUARTERING ACT (1765) NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION DECLARATORY ACT (1766) TOWNSHEND REVENUE ACTS (1767) SONS AND DAUGHTERS OF LIBERTY (1767-70) MASSACHSETTS = CIRCULAR LETTER (1768) COMMITTEE OF CORRESPONDENCE BOSTON MASSACRE/SAM ADAMS TEA ACT (1773) BOSTON TEA PARTY (1773) COERCIVE ACTS (1774) FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE PATRICK HENRY QUEBEC ACT (1774) LEXINGTON AND CONCORD SARATOGA/YORKTOWN SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS PROHIBITORY ACT (1775) THOMAS PAINE /COMMON SENSE TORIES/LOYALISTS TREATY OF PARIS, 1783 CHAPTER 5 ID’S/Terms Definitions (Not all provided) 1760-1820 King George III Pg. 129 George III came to the throne of England in 1760 when he was only 20 years old. George had led a sheltered, loveless childhood, and his father died when he was very young. George was basically uneducated and thought to be stupid by his grandfather George II and other acquaintances. George III knew this and grew up hating his grandfather and everybody connected with his reign. George III decided to take a very active role in government once he became king. George did not work within the established order of Whigs in the parliament and appointed an unaffiliated Scotsman named the Earl of Bute as his chief minister. The Whigs hated Bute and blamed him for everything that went wrong. Bute got tired of this, and after him, George went through several other ministers. He also appointed cabinet ministers in the same way. The underlings of these ministers didn’t have any leadership, so they didn’t know what to do. They either made bad decisions or none at all. This time of confusion didn’t bode well for America’s relationship with Britain. 1763 Proclamation of 1763 Pg. 133 The Proclamation of 1763 was a provision of the Treaty of Paris that gave the Ohio River Valley over to the Indians. The colonists, who had already started moving into the valley, were told to move out and no more were to be let in. It was Britain’s gift to the Indians for helping with the French and Indian War. document1 3 1722-1803 Samuel Adams Pg. 141-42 After the repeal of the Townshend Acts, American life basically went back to normal. Americans were kind of scared about how close they came revolution so they pulled back, and the British were still getting some money from them, so everybody was relatively happy except Samuel Adams. Adams said that the repeal of the Townhshend Acts meant nothing. He used publicity to keep the cause against unfair taxes alive. He commemorated the repeal of the Stamp Act and the Boston Massacre. He also reminded people that the tax on tea was still around. Every time Britain tried to tighten its control around America, more people listened to Adams. In 1772, Adams suggested that a committee of correspondence be set up to communicate grievances to people throughout all of Mass. This plan was taken up in many other colonies. Overall, Adams was a true revolutionary obsessed with keeping American public virtue. 1774 First Continental Congress Pg. 144 The First Continental Congress was set up in 1774 to decide what to do about the building tension between Britain and America. The Congress was composed of 55 members from 12 colonies. The Congress convened on Sept. 5. It included some of America’s most articulate leaders. It took awhile for the delegates to get used to each other, and differences of opinion surfaced quickly. Sam Adams got the moderates for the middle colonies to take a more radical stand, so the Congress was basically revolutionary. Finally, the Congress decided to cut off all trade with Britain until the Intolerable Acts were repealed. 1775 Lexington and Concord Pg. 145 On the evening of April 18, 1775, General Gage sent troops from Boston to seize American supplies. Paul Revere, warned the Lexington militia, and they went and stood out on the town green. When the British came by, someone got confused and fired a shot. The British opened fire and killed eight colonists. 1774 Second Continental Congress Pg.145-46 The Second Continental Congress convened in May of 1775. It was extremely important because once the Revolution started, all British government ceased to exist. The rebelling Americans desperately needed some leadership. The Congress set up an army and made George Washington its leader. Congress also bought supplies for the army by implementing paper currency. The one thing they didn’t do was declare independence. They couldn’t do this because, if they did, it would look like it was the rebellion of one clique rather than a national movement. Eventually, after more British injustice, Congress finally voted for independence. They chose Jefferson to write the declaration, and then they sent it to Great Britain. 1776 Thomas Paine, Common Sense Pg. 146-47 Thomas Paine was born in England and held several jobs there temporarily. He wasn’t very well off, so he decided to come to America. He met Ben Franklin, and Franklin introduced him to many of America’s leading men. These new friends urged Paine to write his pamphlet Common Sense. Common Sense took away all of a monarch’s theological and historical justification. Paine completely destroyed monarchy and supported democracy. His pamphlet was a bestseller and basically convinced the common people of America that independence was the way to go. 1776 Declaration of Independence Pg. 147-48 The Declaration of Independence was written by Thomas Jefferson after the Second Continental Congress voted for independence on July 2, 1776. Jefferson used his training as a lawyer to present a list of document1 4 specific grievances to George III along with evidence for independence. Also, Jefferson relied heavily on the philosophy of John Locke. October 17, 1777 Saratoga Pg. 151-52 In the summer of 1777, General John Burgoyne was sent from Canada with a huge army in order to clear out the Hudson River Valley of rebels. Burgoyne was then supposed to meet with Howe who was coming up from Albany. At Bennington, John Stark destroyed part of Burgoyne’s army, and then at Saratoga, Horatio Gates defeated the rest. 1777 Tories/Loyalists Pgs. 155-56 Tories of Loyalists were people who were against the revolution and supported the British. They were harassed by revolutionaries and often forced to convert their beliefs. 1781 Yorktown Pgs. 154-155 At Yorktown, the British family lost the American Revolution. General Conwallis had been making stupid tactical blunders all year, and losing parts of his army constantly. Finally, he went into Virginia. The French cut him off from the sea and the Americans surrounded him. He had no choice but to surrender. 1783 Treaty of Paris Pgs. 157 The treaty of Paris ending the Revolutionary war was signed in a completely different way than it was supposed to be signed. The American delegation sent to Paris consisted of Ben Franklin, John Adams and John Jay. When they got to Paris, they found out that the French had a military alliance with Spain, and that the French wouldn’t sign anything until Spain won Gibraltar for the British. The Americans entered into negotiations on their own. They got a very favorable treaty fro the British including all land east of the Mississippi River, and very good northern and southern boundaries. Finally it recognized the sovereignty of America. document1