Presentation by:
Caitlin Fischer
Terms 41-45
Free Response #9
TERM 41
19th Amendment
Ratified 1920

Definition
 “The right of citizens of the United States to vote
shall not be denied or abridged by the United
States or by any State on account of sex.”
 This amendment gave women the right to vote.

Application
 All women were given an equal opportunity to
partake in politics in the United States with the
passage of this constitutional law.
 Example
○ Suffrage Movement
TERM 42
20th Amendment
Ratified 1933

Definition
 This amendment stated the federal terms of office to
begin in January, Congress to meet at least once a
year, and the emergency presidential succession,
where if the President dies the Vice President will
become President.

Application
 It tried to resolve some uncertainty in the
Constitution regarding what to do in a hypothetical
situation and somewhat eliminated the “lame duck”
period.
 Example
○ Presidential Inauguration Day - January 20th
TERM 43
st
21

Amendment
Ratified 1933
Definition
 “The eighteenth article of amendment to the
Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed.”
(Section 1)
 This amendment repealed prohibition, which was
previously the 18th amendment and gave states the
right to determine their own alcohol laws.

Application
 Under federal law, the 18th amendment no longer
applied to the citizens of the United States, although
some states continued to remain “dry.”
 Example
○ Granholm v. Heald (2005)
TERM 44
22nd Amendment
Ratified 1951

Definition
 “No person shall be elected to the office of the
President more than twice…” (Section 1)
 This amendment established a two-term limit for the
president.

Application
 Those running for president were limited to serving a
total of 8 years because Congress didn’t want the
presidential office to become a dictator position.
 Example
○ FDR was the only president to serve more than
two terms as president of the United States.
23rd Amendment
TERM 45
Ratified 1961

Definition
 “The District constituting the seat of Government of the
United States shall appoint in such manner as the
Congress may direct…” (Section 1)
 This amendment gave the right to vote for president in
the District of Columbia.

Application
 The District of Columbia acquired 3 electoral votes to
cast, which equals the least number of votes any state
has.
 Example
○ Congress wanted to give the residents of Washington D.C. the
right to vote for president. It went into effect with the 1964
election (LBJ (D) v. Barry Goldwater (R)).