Kingdom Plantae
Pg. 1- What is a Plant?
Plants are placed into 2 groups based on structural and
functional similarities, but all plants share the following
characteristics.
A. Eukaryotic
B. Multicellular
C. Have organs and organ systems
E. Have _____________composed
ofcellulose
cell walls
F. Are autotrophic
chloroplast
G. Photosynthesis takes place in the ______________of
plant cells

CO2 + H2O  C6H12O6 + O2
H. All are non-motile

Special adaptations are therefore required for reproduction
Pg. 1- What is alteration of
generation?

Plant life cycles have two alternating phases, a
diploid (2n) phase and a haploid (n) phase.

During the two phases of the life cycle, mitosis
and meiosis alternate to produce the two types
of reproductive cells- gametes and spores.

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The diploid (2n) phase is known as the sporophyte.
The haploid (n) phase is known as the
gametophyte
Pg. 2

Define:
1.
2.
Sporophyte- spore producing plant
Gametophyte- gamete producing plant
Pg. 2- List and explain the 4 things
plants need to survive
a.
b.
c.
d.
Sunlight- use to perform photosynthesis.
Water & Minerals- all cells need a constant supply
of water. One use is for photosynthesis. Minerals
are needed for plant growth.
Gas Exchange- plants require oxygen for cellular
respirations & carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.
Movement of water and nutrients- specialized
tissues carry water and nutrients up from soil and
distribute the products of photosynthesis
throughout the plant.
Plant Classification
Plants are classified into 2 basic groups based
vascular tissue.
on whether they contain _________
Bryophyte- NO Vascular Tissue
Tracheophytes – contain vascular tissue
Pg. 3- Phylum Bryophyte
mosses
A. Bryophytes – No
vascular tissue present

Depends on water for
reproduction

No vascular system,
therefore no taller
than 20 cm

Examples: mosses,
hornworts,
liverworts
liverworts
hornworts,
Pg. 4- Phylum Pterophyta
Pterophytes – commonly called ferns

Tracheophytes – contain vascular tissue

No pollen

No seeds

No fruits

Found predominantly in moist climates because
the sperm must swim to the egg cell
Pg. 5- Phylum Cycadophyta




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Evergreen
Slow-growing
Tropical and subtropical shrubs
My resemble small palm trees
Sexes are separate

either have male pollen-producing cones or female
seed-producing cones
Examples- Cycads
Pg. 6 – Phylum Ginkgophyta




Deciduous trees with fan-shaped leaves
Sexes separate
Outer skin of ovule develops into a fleshy,
fruitlike covering (berry)
Only 1 living species

Example: Ginkgo Biloba (ginkgo)
Pg. 7- Phylum Gnetophyta


Mostly desert-living
Example: Welwitschia, Mormon tree
(Ephedra)
Pg. 8- Phylum Coniferophyta


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

Seeds born on cones
Wind-pollinated
Most are evergreen
Many have needlelike leaves
In most species- sexes are not separate

Examples: pine, spruce, cedar, cypress, yew, fir,
larch, sequoiz
Pg. 9- Gymnosperms
Gymnosperms – “naked seed”

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A group of cone bearing plants including the Cycadophyta,
Ginkgophyta, Gnetophyta & Coniferophyta
Have pollen
Have seeds not protected by fruit
No fruit
Cones
______ present
conifers which
Example: Largest group is the _________
includes pines, spruce, cedar
needles which

Have common characteristic leaves called_________,
prevent water loss and
are modified to ___________________
minimize ice build – up
pollen so they are no longer tied

Have “flying sperm” or_________,
water for reproduction
to _______
Pg. 10- Angiosperms

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Group of Flowering plants including Phylum
Anthophyta
Most complex and adaptable
Most successful
Have pollen
Have seeds
Have flowers


pollination
It enhances _____________
Have fruit
ovary

Mature ________



Contains one or more seeds
Provides embryo with protection
_________
Increases seed dispersal
Pg. 11- Phylum Anthophyta




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Seeds develop enclosed within ovaries
Leaves modified into flowers
Flowers pollinated by wind or by animals
Occur in many different forms
Found in most land and freshwater habitats,
some in shallow saltwater and estuaries areas

Example: angiosperms: flowering plants
Pg. 11 Continued:
Pg. 12- parts of a flower

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Sepals- resemble ordinary leaves. They protect the flower
while it’s developing
Petals- attract insects and other pollinators
Stamen- male part- consists of anther & filament
Anther- Haploid male gametophytes are produced, where
meiosis occurs
Filament- long, thin structure that supports the anther
Carpels/Pistil- produces the female gametophytes
Ovary- contains one or more ovules where female
gametophytes are produced
Style- stalk at the top of the carpel
Stigma- sticky portion @ the top of the style, where pollen
grains frequently land
Ovule- structure in seed cones in which female gametophytes
develop
Pg. 13- Class Monoctyledonae
(Monocots)


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

One cotyledon – seed leaf
Parallel veins on leaves
Fibrous roots
Flower parts in multiples of 3
Ex.: grasses, corn, lilies
Pg. 14 - Class Dicotyledenae
(Dicot)


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Two cotyledon
Branching veins on leaves
Tap roots
Flowering parts in multiples of 4 or 5
Ex.: roses, oak trees, etc.
Pg. 15- Monocots
Dicots
and
Pg. 16- Roots
A. Functions:





Anchor the plant
water
Absorb __________and
minerals
Transport these materials to the stem
Some plants store food in roots
surface
Each root has root hairs, increase ______
_____for
area
water absorption
Pg. 16- Roots
B. Growth:


Primary- growth in length
Secondary- growth in width
C. Root adaptations


For food storage- taproots ex. Carrots & beets
To prevent soil erosion- fibrous roots
D. Two types:


Tap roots in dicots- primary root
Fibrous roots in monocots- no single root grows
larger than the rest
Pg. 17- Stems
A. Functions:





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Support
Storage of food ex. Tubers- potatoes
Photosynthesis if stem is green
Transport of food and water
Modified for asexual reproduction- rhizomes
Produce leaf & flower buds
Pg. 17- Stems

Types:



Herbaceous- green & flexible
Woody – trees & shrubs
Adaptations:




Tuber- stores food
Bulb- stem surrounded by short, thick leaves (amaryllis)
Corm- thickened stem covered w/thin leaves (gladiolus)
Rhizome- underground stem for food storage (ginger) or
asexual reproduction (grasses)
Pg. 18- Leaves NotesA. Function

Major photosynthesizing organ of plant; shape
is optimized for absorbing light
B. Types


Simple leaf- a single leaf on petiole (stalk)
Compound leaf- divided into leaflet
Pg. 18- Leaves Notes
C. Leaf Structure



Cuticle- outer waxy covering to keep moisture in
Epidermis- layer of cells on top and bottom of leaf
Mesophyll- photosynthetic layer of leaf





Palisade mesophyll- closely packed cells absorb light that enters the
leaf
Spongy mesophyll- beneath the palisade layer, loose tissue with many
air spaces between cells, connect the stomata, where most of the
photosynthesis takes place
Vascular bundle (tissue)- xylem & phloem
Stomata- small pores on the under surface of leaves through
which gases are exchanged
Guard cells- control the size of the stomata; open during the
day when photosynthesis is taking place, closed at night to
prevent water loss.
Pg. 18- Leaves NotesD. Adaptation
1.
Pitcher plant- leaf modified to attract & digest insects
2.
Cactus- non-photosynthetic thorns to protect against
herbivores
3.
Pine- needle like leaf to reduce surface area & prevent water
loss
4.
Rock plant- (picture on 598) adapted for hot, dry conditions,
few stomata clear tissue allows light to penetrate into leaf
5.
Tendril- modified to allow plant to grow around things or up
things
6.
Leaf hair- prevents water loss on some plants; stinging hairs allows for protection (stinging nettle); glandular hairs- sticky
hairs that trap insects and prevent them from eating plant, or to
attach onto animals to aid in seed dispersal.
7.
Thick wax- prevents water loss
Tropism- response of a plant to
an environmental stimulus.
1.
2.
3.
Phototropism - is the tendency of a
plant to grow toward a source of light.
Gravitropism - response to gravity.
This assures that roots grow down
and stems grow up.
Thigmotropism-Response to touch.
May be used for venus fly trap, to
capture insects, or allow a plant to
grow on a surface for support. Tendril
Plant Structure and Growth
Structure of Leaf
waxy
a.) Cuticle: _______covering
to prevent water loss
b.) Epidermis: Outermost layer of cells; prevents injury, infection
Photosynthetic
c.) Mesophyll: ________________layer
of leaf
1. Palisade layer: upper portion of mesophyll with closely packed cells; site
photosynthesis
of most
2. Spongy layer: Underside of leaf; loosely – packed cells allow for gas
CO2 and O2
exchange of
xylem
phloem
d.) Vein: _________and
CO2to
e.) Stomata: Opening in underside of leaf that allows _____
2 (oxygen) to exit
______________
(carbon
dioxide) enter andO____________
stomata Work to preserve
f.) Guard cells: Control the size of_________.
balance between allowing for gas exchange
water
without losing too much______.
“Plant sweat” is
transpiration
known as.
Plant Structure and Growth
D. Plant Transport
The 2 types of vascular tissue:
waterand _________from
minerals
root
1. Xylem: transports ______
the _____to
the rest of the plant
“food” (glucose) from the leaves
2. Phloem: transports _________________
to the rest of the plant
Plant Structure and Growth
E. Plant growth
1. Primary growth: Life long
growth occurs at the tip of
stem and the end of the
the ______
roots
2. Secondary Growth: Trees
and some other plants have a
second type that allows them
to grow in width or girth.
Plant Structure and Growth
F. Seeds
embryo
A seed consist of an ________
surrounded
by a tough protective coat.
Dicot Seed
stigma
{
anther
Stamen
filament
style
Carpel
petal
ovule
ovary