Chapter 4
4.0
THE HISTORY OF
AMERICAN EDUCATION
Teachers, Schools, and Society
A Brief Introduction to Education
David Miller Sadker
Karen R. Zittleman
Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.
4.1
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
AMERICA’S SCHOOLS
Middle/High Schools
(1950s-Present)
Junior High Schools
(1909-Present)
High Schools
(1800s-Present)
Academies
(1700s-1800s)
English Grammar Schools
(1700s)
Latin Grammar Schools
(1600s-1700s)
Common Schools
(1830-Present)
Private Schools
(1700s-1800s)
Itinerant Schools
(1700s)
Tutors
(1600-1900)
Local Schools
(1600s-1800s)
Dame Schools
(1600)
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.
4.2
EDUCATIONAL MILESTONES:
SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
Informal family education, apprenticeships, dame schools, tutors
1635
Boston Latin Grammar School
1636
Harvard College
1647
Old Deluder Satan Law
1687-1890
New England Primer published
Source: Compiled from Edward King, Salient Dates in American Education, 1635-1964 (New York: Harper & Row,
1966); National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, Digest of Education Statistics, 1994.
Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.
4.3
EDUCATIONAL MILESTONES:
EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
Development of a national interest in education, state responsibility for
education, growth in secondary education
1740
South Carolina denies education to blacks
1751
Opening of the Franklin Academy in Philadelphia
1783
Noah Webster’s American Spelling Book
1785, 1787
Land Ordinance Act, Northwest Ordinance
Source: Compiled from Edward King, Salient Dates in American Education, 1635-1964 (New York: Harper & Row,
1966); National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, Digest of Education Statistics, 1994.
Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.
4.4
EDUCATIONAL MILESTONES:
NINETEENTH CENTURY
Increasing role of public secondary schools, increased but segregated education for women
and minorities, attention to the field of education and teacher preparation
1821
Emma Willard’s Troy Female Seminary opens, first endowed secondary school for girls.
1821
First public high school opens in Boston.
1823
First (private) normal school opens in Vermont.
1827
Massachusetts requires public high schools.
1837
Horace Mann becomes secretary of board of education in Massachusetts.
1839
First public normal school in Lexington, Massachusetts
1855
First kindergarten (German language) in United States
1862
Morrill Land Grant College Act
1874
Kalamazoo case (legalizes taxes for high schools)
1896
Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court decision supporting racially separate but equal schools
Source: Compiled from Edward King, Salient Dates in American Education, 1635-1964 (New York: Harper & Row,
1966); National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, Digest of Education Statistics, 1994.
Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.
4.5
EDUCATIONAL MILESTONES:
TWENTIETH CENTURY
Increasing federal support for educational rights of poor, females, minorities, and
disabled; increased federal funding of specific (categorical) education programs
1909
First junior high school in Berkeley, California
1919
Progressive education programs
1932
New Deal education programs
1944
G.I. Bill of Rights
1954
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Supreme Court decision outlawing racial
segregation in schools
1957
Sputnik leads to increased federal education funds.
1958
National Defense Education Act funds science, math, and foreign language programs.
1964—1965
Job Corps and Head Start are funded.
Source: Compiled from Edward King, Salient Dates in American Education, 1635-1964 (New York: Harper & Row,
1966); National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, Digest of Education Statistics, 1994.
Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.
4.6
EDUCATIONAL MILESTONES:
TWENTIETH CENTURY (CONTINUED)
1964—1965
Job Corps and Head Start are funded.
1972
Title IX prohibits sex discrimination in schools.
1975, 1991
Public Law 94-142, Education for All Handicapped Children Act
(renamed the Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act), is passed.
1979
Cabinet-level Department of Education is established.
2001
No Child Left Behind Act calls for state standards and annual testing.
Source: Compiled from Edward King, Salient Dates in American Education, 1635-1964 (New York: Harper & Row,
1966); National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, Digest of Education Statistics, 1994.
Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.
4.7
THE GROWTH OF
THE U.S. SCHOOL
Year
1890
1910
1930
1950
1970
1980
1990
2000
14 to 17 Year-Olds
in School
(Percentage of Total)
6.7
15.4
51.4
76.8
92.7
91.0
94.0
95.7
Source: Projections of Education Statistics to 2000, U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, NCES 89-948.
Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.
4.8
JOHN DEWEY QUOTATION
To “learn from experience” is to
make a backward and forward
connection between what we do to
things and what we enjoy or suffer
from things in consequence.
Source: Some Favorite Quotes from John Dewey, http://cuip.uchicago.edu/~cac/dewey.html
Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.
4.9
SELECTED FEDERAL LEGISLATION
1785, 1787
1862, 1890
1917
1944
1958
1964-1965
1965
1968
1972
1975
2001
LAND ORDINANCE ACT AND NORTHWEST
ORDINANCE
MORRILL ACTS (LAND GRANT COLLEGES)
SMITH-HUGHES ACT
SERVICEMEN’S READJUSTMENT ACT (G.I. BILL)
NATIONAL DEFENSE EDUCATION ACT (NDEA)
PROJECT HEAD START
ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION ACT
(ESEA)
BILINGUAL EDUCATION ACT
TITLE IX (OF THE EDUCATION AMENDMENTS)
INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES EDUCATION ACT
(IDEA)
NO CHILD LEFT BEHIND ACT
Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.