CHAPTER
7
The History of
American Education
DAVID MILLER SADKER
KAREN R. ZITTLEMAN
TEACHERS, SCHOOLS,
AND SOCIETY
NINTH EDITION
Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society, Ninth Edition.
© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
7.1
THE DEVELOPMENT OF AMERICA’S SCHOOLS
Middle/High Schools
(1950s-Present)
Junior High Schools
(1909-Present)
High Schools
(1800s-Present)
Academies
(1700s-1800s)
English Grammar Schools
(1700s)
Latin Grammar Schools
(1600s-1700s)
Common Schools
(1830-Present)
Private Schools
(1700s-1800s)
Itinerant Schools
(1700s)
Tutors
(1600-1900)
Local Schools
(1600s-1800s)
Dame Schools
(1600)
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society, Ninth Edition.
© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
7.2
EDUCATIONAL MILESTONES
Seventeenth Century
Informal family education, apprenticeships, dame schools, tutors
1635
Boston Latin Grammar School
1636
Harvard College
1647
Old Deluder Satan Law
1687-1890
New England Primer published
Eighteenth Century
Development of a national interest in education, state responsibility for education,
growth in secondary education
1740
South Carolina denies education to blacks
1751
Opening of the Franklin Academy in Philadelphia
1783
Noah Webster’s American Spelling Book
1785, 1787
Land Ordinance Act, Northwest Ordinance
Source: Compiled from Edward King, Salient Dates in American Education, 1635-1964 (New York: Harper & Row,
1966); National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, Digest of Education Statistics, 1994.
Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society, Ninth Edition.
© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
7.3
EDUCATIONAL MILESTONES (Continued)
Nineteenth Century
Increasing role of public secondary schools, increased but segregated education for
women and minorities, attention to the field of education and teacher preparation
1821
Emma Willard’s Troy Female Seminary opens, first endowed secondary school for girls
1821
First public high school opens in Boston
1823
First (private) normal school opens in Vermont
1827
Massachusetts requires public high schools
1837
Horace Mann becomes secretary of board of education in Massachusetts
1839
First public normal school in Lexington, Massachusetts
1855
First kindergarten (German language) in United States
1862
Morrill Land Grant College Act
1874
Kalamazoo case (legalizes taxes for high schools)
1896
Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court decision supporting racially separate but equal schools
Source: Compiled from Edward King, Salient Dates in American Education, 1635-1964 (New York: Harper & Row,
1966); National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, Digest of Education Statistics, 1994.
Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society, Ninth Edition.
© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
7.4
EDUCATIONAL MILESTONES (Continued)
Twentieth Century
Increasing federal support for educational rights of poor, females, minorities, and
disabled; increased federal funding of specific (categorical) education programs
1909
First junior high school in Berkeley, California
1919
Progressive education programs
1932
New Deal education programs
1944
G.I. Bill of Rights
1954
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Supreme Court decision outlawing racial
segregation in schools
1957
Sputnik leads to increased federal education funds
1958
National Defense Education Act funds science, math, and foreign language programs
1964-1965
Job Corps and Head Start are funded
Source: Compiled from Edward King, Salient Dates in American Education, 1635-1964 (New York: Harper & Row,
1966); National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, Digest of Education Statistics, 1994.
Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society, Ninth Edition.
© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
7.5
EDUCATIONAL MILESTONES (Continued)
Twentieth Century
(continued)
1964-1965
Job Corps and Head Start are funded
1972
Title IX prohibits sex discrimination in schools
1975, 1991
Public Law 94-142, Education for All Handicapped Children Act (renamed the Individuals
with Disabilities in Education Act), is passed
1979
Cabinet-level Department of Education is established
2001
No Child Left Behind Act calls for state standards and annual testing
Source: Compiled from Edward King, Salient Dates in American Education, 1635-1964 (New York: Harper & Row,
1966); National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, Digest of Education Statistics, 1994.
Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society, Ninth Edition.
© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
7.6
DIVERSITY AND EDUCATION
Student Generated Responses
Group
Key Points
African Americans
Arab Americans
Asian/Pacific Americans
European Americans
Hispanics
Native Americans
Women and Girls
Other(s)
Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society, Ninth Edition.
© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
7.7
THE GROWTH OF THE U.S. SCHOOL
14 to 17 Year-Olds
in School
Year
(Percentage of Total)
1890
6.7
1910
15.4
1930
51.4
1950
76.8
1970
92.7
1980
91.0
1990
94.0
2000
95.7
2010
95.9
Source: Projections of Education Statistics to 2010, U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement.
Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society, Ninth Edition.
© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
7.8
JOHN DEWEY QUOTATION
To “learn from experience” is to make a
backward and forward connection between
what we do to things and what we enjoy or
suffer from things in consequence.
Source: Some Favorite Quotes from John Dewey, http://cuip.uchicago.edu/~cac/dewey.html.
Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society, Ninth Edition.
© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
7.9
SELECTED FEDERAL LEGISLATION
1785, 1787
LAND ORDINANCE ACT AND NORTHWEST ORDINANCE
1862, 1890
MORRILL ACTS (LAND GRANT COLLEGES)
1917
SMITH-HUGHES ACT
1944
SERVICEMEN’S READJUSTMENT ACT (G.I. BILL)
1958
NATIONAL DEFENSE EDUCATION ACT (NDEA)
1964-1965
PROJECT HEAD START
1965
ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION ACT (ESEA)
1968
BILINGUAL EDUCATION ACT
1972
TITLE IX (OF THE EDUCATION AMENDMENTS)
1975
INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES EDUCATION ACT (IDEA)
2001
NO CHILD LEFT BEHIND ACT
Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society, Ninth Edition.
© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
7.10 U.S. HISPANIC SUBGROUPS
Source: The Hispanic Population in the United States, U.S Census Bureau, June 2008.
Figure 7.1
Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society, Ninth Edition.
© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
7.11 ARAB AMERICANS BY ANCESTRY
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 special tabulation (www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf4,pdf), issued July 2007.
Figure 7.2
Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society, Ninth Edition.
© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.