The Skeleton is
divided into 2 parts:
The Axial Skeleton
&
The Appendicular
Skeleton
The Axial Skeleton
The Appendicular Skeleton
Bone Surface Markings
The surfaces of bones have various
structural features adapted to
specific functions.
1.
Depressions and openings:
a. Foramen – opening through
which blood vessels, nerves and
ligaments pass.
b. Meatus – tubelike channel
extending within a bone.
c. Fossa – A shallow depression in
or on a bone.
2. Processes that form joints:
a. Condyle – A large rounded
prominence
that forms a joint.
b. Head – A rounded projection
that
forms a joint.
c. Facet – A smooth, flat articular
surface
Processes for attachment:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Tuberosity – A large, rounded
projection usually with a rough
surface (deltoid of humerus).
Spine – A sharp, slender projection
(spinous process of vertebrae).
Trochanter – A large, blunt
projection found only on the
femur.
Crest – A prominent border or
ridge (iliac of crest of hip bone).
Bone Fractures
• A FRACTURE MEANS
THAT A BONE HAS
BEEN CRACKED OR
BROKEN.
• A Bone Fracture may
be a simple crack, or
the bone may actually
break into two or
more pieces
•
•
•
•
•
•
A. SIMPLE (CLOSED) - The broken parts are still in
normal anatomical position; surrounding tissue
damage is minimal (skin is not pierced).
B. COMPOUND (OPEN) - The broken end of a bone
has been MOVED, and it Pierces the Skin; there may be
extensive damage to surrounding blood vessels,
nerves, and muscles.
C. GREENSTICK - The Bone Splits LONGITUDINALLY
(BREAKS ALONG THE LONG AXIS OF THE BONE). The
bones of children contain more collagen than do adults
bones and tend to Splinter rather than break
completely.
D. COMMINUTED - Two or more intersecting breaks
create several bone fragments.
E. TRANSVERSE FRACTURE- meaning straight
across. The two ends tend to stay together i.e. it's
stable.
F. SPONTANEOUS (PATHOLOGIC) - A bone breaks
without apparent trauma; may accompany bone
disorders such as OSTEOPOROSIS.
What is the difference between an
open and closed fracture?
Open means that the the skin around the
broken bone has split open.
Closed means the skin is intact over the
fracture.
This difference is important because open
fractures need antibiotic cover.
Broken bone symptoms…
>Exquisite pain when you move or
touch the broken area.
>Bruising of the skin over the area of
the break as in A above.
>Shortening of the limb.
Snapping sound at injury.
>Unable to support your weight
standing in fractures from the waist
down.
>Something hard pushing up the skin
or through it.
Transverse
The two ends tend to stay
together and the fracture is
straight across.
Compound
Broken ends of bone pierce
the skin.
Greenstick
•
Comminuted
A greenstick fracture refers to a
fracture where one side of the bone
breaks from a distracting force while
the other side bends but stays intact
(as what happens to a green, that is
young, stick when you try to break it).
Bone breaks into several
fragements
Simple
The skin has not been
penetrated and broken
bones are still incorrect
anatomical position.
Spiral
Due to twisting of bone,
the break is ragged.
Fracture Repair (Manipulation):
Fracture Manipulation Explained:
• Most of the time when a bone breaks the two ends move past or away
from each other. This is because of the force that caused the damage
pushing around the bones and because the muscles attached to the bones
are pulling them away.
• Bone FRACTURE MANIPULATION means tugging on the bones until they
snap back into place. This technique is used in limb fractures like your leg
or arm where the two ends are not badly shattered, just out of alignment.
• While you're lying down, your bone doctor will stand at one end of the
broken bone and an assistant at the other. They will then pull in a straight
line until they feel the bones snap back in place or can see that the
protruding bone ends have flattened. Of course you won't be howling
through this in pain because you'll be sedated through chemicals given by
an IV line or injection.
• Once the bone doctor is happy with the flow of the bone, they'll then
wrap a cast around it to hold it in place and send you for a new xray to
compare with the first to make sure the ends are holding.
Times for bones to heal…
Bone Broken
Time for it to Heal
Collar bone
3-8 weeks
Scapula - shoulder blade
3 weeks
Upper arm
4 weeks
Lower arm
6 weeks
Wrist
3 - 8 weeks
Fingers
3 weeks
Pelvis
2 - 6 weeks
Upper leg
12 weeks
Knee
3 weeks
Lower leg
6-8 weeks
Ankle
6 weeks
Foot
3 - 12 weeks
Toes
3 weeks
Medical Scenerio I:
Helen grew up on a farm in the Midwest. She drank lots of milk
as a child. She also walked a lot. After graduating from high
school, she got married and found a job. Family and work kept
her too busy to exercise. Helen went through menopause at age
47. At age 76, she was enjoying retirement—traveling and
working in her garden. But then she slipped on a small rug in
her kitchen and broke her hip. After Helen recovered, she
needed a cane to walk, and gardening was a lot harder to
enjoy.
Diagnosis ???
Osteoporosis !!!
• Osteoporosis is a disease that weakens bones to the
point where they break easily—most often bones in
the hip, backbone (spine), and wrist. Osteoporosis is
called the “silent disease”—you may not notice any
changes until a bone breaks. But your bones have
been losing strength for many years.
Who gets osteoporosis?
• Millions of Americans have osteoporosis.
• While it mainly affects women, 2 million men also have the
disease.
• It is most common in Asian and White women.
Good bone
Deteriorating bone
Osteosaroma – Bone Cancer
Osteosarcoma usually occurs
in the femur or around the
knee and the tibia, or around
the shoulder. The typical
patient is between 20-25 and
the symptoms include deep,
ill-defined pain and swelling
in the area of the tumor. An xray typically shows the tumor
and a CAT scan is used to look
for metastases, or to see if
the cancer is spreading. A
biopsy is then performed and
the treatment plan is
created. Chemotherapy is
common and surgery to
remove the tumorous
materials is regular.
Male
or
Female ???
http://phs.psdr3.org/science/anatomy/notes/skelenotes.html