-nucleus
-nucleolus
-cell membrane
-mitochondria
-cytoplasm
-cytoskeleton
-vacuole
-chloroplast
-golgi Apparatus
-lysosomes
-centrioles
-ribosomes
-endoplasmic reticulum(ER)
*Rough ER & Smooth ER
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 The “brain” of the cell
 Controls all of the cellular activities
 DNA is inside the nucleus
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CHROMOSOMES -
are found inside the nucleus
Chromosomes – carry the information that determines what traits a living thing will have
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DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid
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DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA carries the genetic information of a cell
Consists of thousands of genes
It specifies everything that is needed for the maintenance, function, and replication of the cell
It is made up of 4 different bases:
(A) adenine
(T) thymine
(C) cytosine
(G) guanine
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DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
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NUCLEOLUS


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 holds the cell together
 keeps all of the pieces (like the organelles and the cytoplasm) inside the cell
 controls what goes in and out of the cell
Example: like a big plastic bag with tiny holes in it
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How does the cell membrane work?
 Has 2 layers of MOLECULES = BILAYER
 Bi means two
 The layers are made up of molecules called phospholipids
**THINK OF a sandwich with two pieces of bread and some stuffing on the inside
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Cell Membrane: PHOSPHOLIPIDS
 Each phospholipids has a HYDROPHOBIC and HYDROPHILIC end
•HYDRO = means water
•PHOBIC = means afraid
•PHILIC = means loving
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Cell Membrane: PHOSPHOLIPIDS
 One end of the molecule is “afraid” of the water and one end “loves” being in the water.
 Proteins are stuck inside the membrane
 Proteins are across the bilayer and make the holes that let ions and molecules in and out of the cell
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M i t o c h o n d r i a
 Mito = Mighty / Power
 The Power-House of the cell
 They break down food molecules so the cell has the energy to live
 If a cell needs a lot of energy…it will have more mitochondria
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The Mitochondria structure has three main parts:
OUTER MEMBRANE: covers the mitochondria
INNER MEMBRANE: folds many times to increase the surface area because chemical reactions (glycolysis) occur here
So… the more space it has the more energy it can create
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MATRIX: a fluid that has water and proteins all mixed together
(like a solution)
•The proteins take the food molecules in and combine them with Oxygen to release the energy
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E n d o p l a s m i c R e t i c u l u m
 also known as the “ER”
 it is an organelle inside the cell that is made up of membranes that are in the
CYTOPLASM of the cell
 There are two different
 Smooth ER
 Rough ER
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 Main function is to collect, maintain & transport things
 Shaped slightly tubular
 Creates steroids
 Stores Ions for the cell to keep nutrients balanced
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 It has bumps all over it giving it a “rough” appearance
 Bumps are called RIBOSOMES
 ER collects the proteins (built by the ribosomes) and creates a bubble around them
 VESICLE- is formed when the ER pinches off a part of its membrane
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MOVEMENT of VESICLES
**The vesicle can then move to the Golgi apparatus or the cell membrane
1) If the vesicle floats to the cell membrane, the proteins are going to be sent
out of the cell……or (exocytosis)
2) If they move to the Golgi Apparatus, the proteins will be used inside the cell
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EXOCYTOSIS -
The release of intracellular molecules (hormones or proteins)
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Osmosisthe movement of water across the cell membrane
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GOLGI APPARATUS
•Also called the Golgi Complex
•It is made up of a stack of flattened out sacs
…like a loose stack of pancakes
WHAT DOES IT DO?
1) it takes simple molecules and combines them to make larger molecules.
2) takes those larger molecules and puts them into packs called GOLGI VESICLES
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Think about building a model of a ship (that's the molecule). Then take that model and put it in a bottle (that's the vesicle).
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Golgi apparatus
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LYSOSOMES
•They combine with the food taken in by the cell
•The enzymes in the lysosome bond to food & digest it (acidic interior)
• Next…smaller molecules are released which are absorbed by the mitochondria
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• When an organelle no longer works, the lysosome will attach itself to it and break it down like food (kind of like a cannibal)
– Chemicals can then be reabsorbed or excreted
• Lysosomes can also destroy the cell if it breaks open accidentally
– “Suicide Sacs”
– UV light damages lysosome membrane
• The enzymes inside the lysosome spread throughout the cell and digest it
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Peroxisomes - Another Enzyme Package
There are many ways that peroxisomes are similar to lysosomes.
They are small vesicles found around the cell. They have a single membrane that contains digestive enzymes for breaking down toxic materials in the cell. They differ from lysosomes in the type of enzyme they hold.
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Peroxisomes work in a very specific way.
Their enzymes attack complex molecules and break them down into smaller molecules. One of the byproducts of the digestion is hydrogen peroxide (H
2
O
2
). Peroxisomes have developed to a point where they are able to contain that hydrogen peroxide and break it down into water (H
2
O) and oxygen (O
2
). The water is harmless to the cell and the oxygen can be used in the next digestive reaction.
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Lysosome Animation
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Protoplasm- everything inside the cell membrane
Cytoplasm- everything inside the cell membrane & outside of the nucleus except the cell’s nucleus
Cytosol:
– Mostly H
2
O
– Contains organelles
– Contains salts, dissolved gasses & nutrients
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• Chief functions include:
– movement of material through the cell for stuff not diffusion or osmosis
– maintaining the shape of the cell
– keeping the cell from getting smashed
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• All of the microfilaments and microtubules combine to form the
cytoskeleton of the cell. The cytoskeleton is different from cytoplasm (cytosol) . The cytoskeleton provides structure.
Cytoplasm is just a fluid. The cytoskeleton connects to every organelle and every part of the cell membrane.
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• Microtubules have many more uses than just cell structure. They are also very important in cell division . They connect to chromosomes, help them with their first split, and then move to each new daughter cell. They are a part of a small pair of organelles called centrioles that have the specific purpose to help a cell divide. Once the cell has finished dividing, the microtubules are put to work in other places.
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• Beyond the role they play in internal cell movement, microtubules also work together to form larger structures that work on the outside of the cells.
They can combine in very specific arrangements to form cilia and flagella.
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• Vacuoles are more important to the survival of plant cells than they are to animal cells
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VACUOLE:
STORAGE IN PLANT CELLS
• Vacuoles in plants support structure
• Vacuoles hold onto things that the cell might need…like a backpack
• There are some vacuoles that hold onto waste products, similar to having a big septic tank
• Storing waste products protects the cell from contamination
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So, when there is no water…the vacuole shrinks and the cell wall is the only thing holding the plant together.
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You will know that a plant's vacuoles are shrinking when you see the plant begin to droop over
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Turgor Pressureforce exerted by the water entering (osmosis) the vacuole, which then swells exerting internal force on the cell wall
•Causes “rigidity” so the plant my increase by stacking cells
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Chloroplast
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Chloroplast
•disk-like structures
•surrounding a fluid containing stacks of membranous disks
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•SOLAR energy radiated from the sun is captured by plants( chloroplast )
•Then it is instantaneously changed into
ELECTRICAL energy
•Then packaged as
CHEMICAL energy
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Chloroplast
•photosynthesis takes place inside the chloroplast
Photosynthesisthe process in which plant use water, carbon dioxide, and energy form the sun to make food
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Chloroplast
•No energy transformation is 100% efficient
•Not all the solar energy captured is converted to electrical and then chemical energy.
•Some of it gets lost as heat or other forms of energy (light)
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•generally appear in animal cells
•they look like two cylinders at right angles to one another
•when viewed with an electron microscope, the cylinders show up as nine bundles of tiny microtubules arranged in a circle
•they help to form the fibers that move chromosomes around when the cell is dividing
•as animal cells prepare for cell division these two centrioles separate and go to opposite ends of the cell.
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Ribosomes
•small dot-like structures in cells
•they are often associated with forming rough ER
•Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis in cells
•they are made in the nucleus of the cell
•A ribosome can make the average protein in about one minute
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Ribosome Structure
•Ribosomes are made up of proteins and ribonucleic acid(RNA)
•These molecules are arranged into two subunits
•These subunits are attached to each other and together form the entire ribosome
•When viewed through a light microscope the ribosomes appear as dots
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Types of Ribosomes
•There are two kinds of ribosomes
1) Attached to the rough ER
2) floating in the cell cytoplasm
•Attached ribosomes make proteins that are used in the ER or transported within the ER
•Free ribosomes make proteins that are used in the cytoplasm
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Assignment Part A
(slides 1-11)
Directions: Write-out and highlight the following questions. Then use your notes to answer them.
1. Which organelle is known as the “Brain” of the cell?
2. If you look at a picture of a cell, how would you recognize the nucleolus?
3. List the 3 main jobs of the cell membrane
4. Explain why the cell membrane has tiny holes made of protein in it.
5. The term hydro means _________.
A. If something is hydrophobic it is _________

Assignment Part B
(slides 11-23)
Directions: Write-out and highlight the following questions. Then use your notes to answer them.
1. Which organelle is known as the Power House” of the cell?
2. The mitochondria of a cell share the same job as the __________ (hint- an organ) in the human body.
3. Explain how you could distinguish the rough ER from the smooth ER.
4. What is the main job of the smooth ER?
5. What type of reactions occur on the inner membrane of the mitochondria? (produces energy)
6. The process of H membrane is called?
2
O moving across the cell
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Assignment Part C
(slides 23-)
Directions: Write-out and highlight the following questions. Then use your notes to answer them.
1. What is the main function of a lysosome?
2. What happens if a lysosome breaks open?
3. Explain the difference between cytoplasm and protoplasm. (draw a diagram if it will help you)
4. Why are vacuoles important to PLANTS?
5. Which organelle is the site of photosynthesis?
6. What are the three main ingredients for photosynthesis?
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Assignment Part D
(slides 23-)
Directions: Write-out and highlight the following questions. Then use your notes to answer them.
1. Centrioles are usually found in __________ cells.
2. What is the main function of a centriole?
3. List the two places you can find a ribosome in an animal cell.
4. What do ribosomes make?
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See also wksht to go with questions parts
B-D
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