The Ankle
1) IN WHICH PLANE DOES INVERSION AND EVERSION OF
THE ANKLE JOINT TAKE PLACE?
Frontal or coronal
plane
2) NAME THE LIGAMENTS THAT WOULD BE INJURED IN AN
INVERSION INJURY OF THE ANKLE
When an ankle is injured from twisting in towards the other foot,
called an inversion injury, most commonly the Anterior Talofibular
ligament is stretched.
Calcaneofibular (CFL) is the second most common ligament injured
after the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL).
3) THE ARTICULATION OF WHICH BONES FORM THE ANKLE JOINT?
The Ankle joint is made up of the Talus, the distal Tibia, and the distal
Fibula
The articulation between the Tibia and the Talus bears more weight.
4) ENUMERATE THE MOVEMENTS POSSIBLE IN THE ANKLE JOINT.
DORSIFLEXION (Flexion): dorsal flexion; movement of the top of
the ankle and foot toward the anterior tibia bone.
PLANTAR FLEXION (extension): movement of the ankle and foot
away from the tibia.
EVERSION: turning the ankle and foot outward; abduction, away
from the midline; weight is on the medial edge of the foot.
INVERSION: turning the ankle and foot inward; adduction, toward
the midline; weight is on the lateral edge of the foot
TOE FLEXION: movement of the toes toward the plantar surface
of the foot
TOE EXTENSION: movement of the toes away from the plantar
surface of the foot.
PRONATION: a combination of ankle dorsiflexion, subtalar
eversion, and forefoot abduction (toe-out)
SUPINATION: a combination of ankle plantar flexion, subtalar
inversion, and forefoot adduction (to-in).
5) NAME THE MUSCLE WHICH CONTRACTS CAUSING
DORSIFLEXION OF ANKLE JOINT
Tibialis anterior
6) WHAT IS THE DISTAL MEDIAL END OF TIBIA CALLED?
The predominant structure at the distal end of the tibia is the
medial malleolus
7) WHERE DOES THE TIBIA CONNECT TO THE FIBULA
MEDIALLY?
The fibula is placed on the lateral side of the tibia, with which it is
connected superiorly and inferiorly by the Superior tibiofibular
joint and the Inferior tibiofibular joint.
8) WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF GASTROCNEMIUS MUSCLE?
The function of the gastrocnemius muscle is ankle plantar flexion and
knee flexion
9) WHERE IS THE INSERTION OF THE TIBIALIS POSTERIOR
MUSCLE?
The tibialis posterior has multiple
insertions on the lower inner surfaces of
the navicular, cuneiform, and second
through fifth metatarsal bases.
10) Where can you palpate the tibialis anterior muscle?
It is the first
muscle to the lateral
side of the anterior
tibial border
11) Which nerve supplies the gastronemius muscle?
Tibial nerve: S1, S2
12) The eversion of the ankle joint is governed by which muscles?
peroneus longus, peroneus
brevis
13.
What is the function of flexor digiti minimi?
Abduction of the proximal
phalanx of the fifth phalange
14) Locate the following parts of the ankle and foot on a subject
a- Lateral malleolus
b- Medial malleolus
c- Phalanges
d- Metatarsal bone
15) Demonstrate the following movements.
a- Plantar flexion
b- Dorsal flexion
c- Inversion
d- Eversion
e- Flexion of toes
16) List the plane in which the following movement takes place.
a- Plantar flexion
b- Flexion of toe
Both take place in the sagittal
plane.
17.
If a person injures his lateral planter nerve then which
movement is likely to get affected?
Flexion of the 3rd, 4th, 5th
phalanges
18) Where is the insertion of the Adductor hallucis muscle, and what is
its function?
Insertion is on the lateral
aspect on the base of the 1st
proximal phalanx.
Function is adduction of the
great toe and assists the
flexor hallucis brevis in flexing
the great toes at the
metatarsophalangeal joint.
19) Which movement helps a person to walk in terrain plain?
Per Dr. Ray’s instructions, omit this
question.
20) What are the functions of the flexor hallucis longus muscle?
Flexion of the great
toe at the
metatarsophalange
al joint (MTP) and
interphalangeal
joint
Inversion of the
foot
Plantar flexion of
the ankle
21) Name the nerve supplying the following muscles
a.
Extensor Digitorum Longus
deep peroneal nerve
b.
Peroneus brevis
superficial peroneal nerve
c.
Soleus
tibial nerve
d.
Lumbricals
medial and lateral plantar
nerves
e.
Plantar interossei
lateral plantar nerve
22) How can you strengthen your gastrocnemius?
Running, jumping,
hopping, and
skipping exercises.
Heel-raising
exercises with the
knees in full
extension and the
toes on a raised
surface.
23) During the concentric contraction of the soleus and gastrocnemius,
what type of contraction will take place in the tibialis anterior?
Concentric contraction is
defined as a contraction in
which there is shortening of
the muscle the causes motion
to occur.
Because the tibialis anterior is
on the opposite side of the
lower leg from the soleus and
gastrocnemius it will be
performing the opposite
action, So if the
gastrocnemius and the soleus
are concentrically contracted
the tibialis anterior will be
eccentrically contracted.
24) What is the action of the peroneous brevis?
Plantar flexion of
the ankle
Eversion of the
foot
25) Complete the table
Muscle
Origin
Insertion
Action
Innervation
Tibialis Anterior
upper 2/3 of the
lateral surface
of the tibia
medial cuneiform
and first
metatarsal
bone of the
foot
dorsiflexion and
inversion of
the foot
deep peroneal
nerve
Lumbricals
tendons of flexor
digitorum
longus
dorsal surface of
2nd, 3rd, 4th,
and 5th
proximal
phalanxes
MTP joint flexion
of 2nd, 3rd, 4th,
and 5th
phalanges
1st lumbrical:
medial plantar
nerve
nd
2 , 3rd, and 4th:
lateral plantar nerve
Soleus
posterior surface of
the proximal
fibula and
proximal 2/3
of the posterior
tibial surface
posterior surface of
the calcaneus
(Achilles tendon)
plantar flexion
tibial nerve
Plantar interossei
bases and medial
shafts of the 3rd,
4th, and 5th
metatarsals
medial aspects of
bases of 3rd, 4th
and 5th proximal
phalanxes
MTP adduction
and flexion of 3rd,
4th, and 5th
phalanges
lateral plantar
nerve
Abductor hallucis
tuberosity of
calcaneus, flexor
retinaculum, and
plantar
aponeurosis
medial aspect of
base of 1st
proximal phalanx
MTP flexion and
abduction of 1st
phalanx
medial plantar
nerve
Gastrocnemius
medial head:
posterior surface
of the medial
femoral condyle
lateral head:
posterior surface
of the lateral
femoral condyle
posterior surface
of the calcaneus
(Achilles tendon)
plantar flexion
and flexion of the
knee
tibial nerve