BIO.A.2.2.1: To explain how carbon is uniquely suited to form
biological macromolecules
Objective: To discuss the unique properties of carbon
and why carbohydrates are essential to living things
Warmup:
What kinds of materials do plants take in on a daily
basis?
H2O
+
CO2
sunlight
C6H12O6
+ O2
CARBOHYDRATES
•
•
•
Made of saccharides (simple sugar) molecules
Contain a ratio of: 1 carbon: 2 hydrogen: 1 oxygen
(example: C6H12O6)
Carbohydrates release lots of energy when the bonds
within them are broken.
 For example:
C6
H12
O6
Bond breaks =
Energy
•
•
Most dissolve easily in water, therefore are
hydrophilic
Functions:
1) Energy source
2) Make up organelles (ex. cell walls, cell membranes)
1.
•
•
Monosaccharides – one simple sugar unit
Examples: glucose
(C6H12O6)
fructose
(C6H12O6)
galactose
(C6H12O6)
Molecules (see above) with the same formula but
different structural arrangements are called isomers
(see below)
•
Monosaccharide characteristics:
fast acting (break bonds easily)
regulated by insulin
Questions:
A) What three different types of atoms, or elements,
are present in the monosaccharides shown
previously?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Questions:
B)
Write the molecular formula for glucose, fructose
and galactose by adding the subscripts to the
following:
Glucose:
Fructose:
Galactose:
C6H12O6
C6H12O6
C6H12O6
Questions:
C)
Compare the number of hydrogen atoms to the
number of oxygen atoms in each sugar. What is
the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen?
2:1
Questions:
D) Cut out a model of glucose and glue it in the box
below.
Glucose
Questions:
E)
What atoms are attached to each end of the glucose
molecule?
OH, H
2.
Disaccharide – two simple sugar units
• Examples:
sucrose
(C12H12O11)
maltose
(C12H22O11)
lactose
(C12H22O11)
•
Disaccharide characteristics:
fast acting (break easily)
slightly larger than monosaccharides
Questions:
A)
Cut out a model of glucose and fructose along the solid
lines only. Try to join the two molecules together to
form a disaccharide called sucrose.
B)
Will the two models stay together to form one model
of sucrose?
No
Questions:
C)
In order to join them together, you must remove an
OH end from one molecule and an H from the other.
Cut along the dotted lines.
D)
Glue the joined models together in the box below.
Attach the OH and H ends and glue that below as
well. Label the name of the new molecule.
Questions:
E)
Cut out a model of glucose and galactose to form the
disaccharide lactose.
F)
Glue the joined models together in the box below.
Attach the OH and H ends and glue that below as
well. Label the names of the two new molecules.
BIO.A.2.2.1: To explain how carbon is uniquely suited to form
biological macromolecules
Objective: To discuss the unique properties of carbon
and why carbohydrates are essential to living things
Warmup:
1.) Sugars such as glucose, fructose and ribose are
examples of
.
a. Nucleic acids
c. lipids
b. Carbohydrates
d. Proteins
2.) Carbon atoms have
electrons in their outer
shell. One carbon atom can form
bonds
with other atoms.
Questions:
G)
Write the molecular formula for lactose by adding the
correct subscripts. Use the structural formulas as a
guide and remember that one water was lost.
Lactose: C12H22O11
H)
Determine the ratios of hydrogen atoms to oxygen
atoms for:
Sucrose and lactose:
H2O1
Glucose and fructose:
H2O1
Questions:
I)
How many monosaccharide molecules are needed to
construct a disaccharide molecule?
2
3.
•
•
Polysaccharide – many (100s-1000s) sugar units
Examples: starch
found in plants (for energy)
glycogen found in animals (for energy)
cellulose found in plants (for support)
chitin
found in animals (for support)
Polysaccharide characteristics:
long lasting energy source (many bonds)
Questions:
A)
Construct a starch molecule by joining three glucose
molecules. This will only represent a small part of a
starch molecule.
B)
Attach the molecule in the area below and title them.
There should be one polysaccharide molecule and two
water molecules.
Questions:
C)
What smaller molecules make up all polysaccharides?
monosaccharides
D)
“Mono” means one, “di” means two and “poly” means
many. Why are these prefixes used in describing the
three main types of carbohydrates?
Describes the number of monomers in the larger
polymer.
Questions:
Synthesis means “putting together.” Dehydrate means
“loss of water.” Explain why biologists refer to the
joining of monosaccharide molecules as a dehydration
synthesis, or condensation, reaction.
Water is removed when monomers (monosaccharides) are
joined together to make a larger polymer (di- or
polysaccharide)
E)