World
• 85% nonrenewable energy
• Use of coal
• Use of oil
• Nuclear has leveled off
• Developing countries: depend on biomass
(fuelwood, charcoal) for heating/cooking
– Can’t afford fossil fuels!!!!
U.S.
• 93% Nonrenewable
• World’s largest energy user
• 5% of world’s population uses 25% of world’s energy

• Composed of partially decayed organism remains
• Form too slowly to replenish
• NOT sustainable
• Ex: Coal, Oil, Natural
Gas

• Oil, Natural Gas & Coal
• Oil and Natural Gas are less dense than coal
– Move upward through porous rock and become trapped
• Developed countries
(like US!) consume 8X
MORE energy than developing countries

• Formation of coal
– Over time, plants die and get covered by water and sediment
– Heat & pressure convert material into carbon rich ore (COAL) & sedimentary rock
• Formation of Oil
– Death of plants/animals: go through decomposition
– Heat & pressure convert material to hydrocarbons (OIL) without oxygen in sediments that prevent decay

• Formation of Natural Gas
– Same as oil, just produced at higher temperatures

• Comprised of
– Oil 40%
– Natural Gas 23%
– Coal 20%
– Nuclear Power 8%
– Hydropower 3%
– Biomass 3%
– Geothermal, Solar & Wind 1%

• You know it as:
– Petroleum and crude oil
• Composed of various hydrocarbons
• Produced by decomposition of dead organic matter from plants/animals
• We import at least 52% of our oil

• Proven oil reserves
– Identified deposits that can be extracted profitably with current technology
• Unproven reserves
– Probable reserves: 50% chance of recovery
– Possible reserves: 10-40% chance of recovery
• Proven and unproven reserves will be 80% depleted sometime between 2050 and 2100
• 13 countries have at least
60% of the world’s crude oil reserves
• Global oil production leveled off in 2005

• Solid fossil fuel
• Burned in power plants
(inefficient)
• World’s most abundant fossil fuel
• Different steps of formation:
– Peat: not a coal
– Lignite: brown coal
– Bituminous: soft coal
– Anthracite: hard coal

• Advantages:
– Plentiful
– High net energy yield
– Low cost
• Disadvantages:
– Very high environmental impact
– Severe air pollution
• Sulfur released as SO
2
• Large amount of soot
• CO
2
• Trace amount of Hg and radioactive materials

• Mixture of gases
• 50-90% methane (Ch4)
• Versatile with high net energy
– Heat space & water
– Produce electricity
• More plentiful than oil
• Fairly low cost
• Issue of fracking (will examine in video)

• Conventional Natural
Gas
– Lies above most reservoirs of crude oil
– Makes US dependent upon unstable countries like Russia and Iran
• Fracking:
– Official term: Hydraulic fracturing
– Extraction from shale rocks using a combination of vertical and horizontal drilling
– Water and other chemicals used to
“fracture” rocks and release gas
– Michigan sits on deposits of shale