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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline > Steps of Preparing a Speech
Steps of Preparing a Speech
• Choosing a Topic
• Analyzing the Who, Why, and Where
• Topic Research: Gathering Materials and Evidence
• Developing Your Thesis
• Supporting Your Ideas
• Organizing and Outlining the Speech
• Wording the Speech
• Preparing to Present
• Delivering the Speech
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline > Steps of Preparing a Speech
Choosing a Topic
• Before you can begin writing your speech, you must first establish the main topic
about which you plan to speak.
• Brainstorm early and often! You can try a variety of techniques to get your mental
juices flowing, from clustering to free writing. Even just talking through your ideas
with another person as a sounding board is a great way to get ideas.
• Once you start to get an idea of your topic, do a little preliminary research. See
what others may have written or said about your general topic; reading their ideas
may help give you some new ideas or directions of your own.
Clustering
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline > Steps of Preparing a Speech
Analyzing the Who, Why, and Where
• Take into account the demographics of your audience: gender, age, industry, the
event at which you're speaking, common interests, culture and ethnicity, and how
much they already may or may not know about your speech topic.
• Never stereotype your audience based on any of their demographics.
• Be mindful of gestures, colloquialisms, idioms, or other ethnocentric expressions
(slang, mannerisms, etc. ) you might make during your speech. It's important to
recognize what is accepted in one culture may be offensive in another.
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline > Steps of Preparing a Speech
Topic Research: Gathering Materials and Evidence
• Make sure you find credible sources of information, whether they be from
scholarly sources that have been peer-reviewed, or irrefutable facts.
• There are many places you can go to research; while the internet might seem like
the easiest place to find information, you always want to double check to make
sure those sources are accurate and credible.
• Don't use research that might be outdated, particularly with regard to scientific or
technological advances.
• Make sure you acknowledge your sources. You may not directly reference them
in your speech, but if questioned afterward, you'll want to know from where you
Student researching.
found your information.
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• Never copy information word for word and claim it as your own; this is plagiarism
and erodes the ethical integrity of you, your speech, and your reputation.
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline > Steps of Preparing a Speech
Developing Your Thesis
• The main argument of your speech is your thesis statement: what case are you
trying to make?
• If you are arguing for or against a certain idea, belief or topic, you must provide
compelling evidence to support your position.
• When crafting your thesis statement, consider potential arguments, questions, or
concerns someone with an opposing viewpoint may have. This process helps you
develop a more robust thesis.
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline > Steps of Preparing a Speech
Supporting Your Ideas
• Set the stage for how you plan to address your argument and make your case by
laying out the exposition of your argument.
• Appeal to your audience's core beliefs, goals or common interests to influence
your audience by persuasion.
• If you are speaking to a sympathetic crowd, consider influencing your audience by
suggestion or popular sentiment on your given topic.
• Use personal narratives and anecdotes to make your case if appropriate to your
audience, topic, and speech venue.
• If your idea is complex, consider breaking it down into simpler parts to more
thoroughly and easily describe your idea. Help your audience to visualize your
Preparing supporting ideas and materials
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points by articulately describing them.
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline > Steps of Preparing a Speech
Organizing and Outlining the Speech
• To organize your thoughts, consider giving each point or supporting evidence its
own note card. Begin to arrange them according to importance and your main
points will begin to emerge.
• Outlines typically begin with your thesis and end with any concluding thoughts.
• Depending on your topic or thesis, arranging your points chronologically is an
effective way to establish a timeline of your argument.
• If giving an informational speech, you might describe your subject as parts of an
object, outlining each part or section.
• You can move from broad points to specific points, or vice versa, depending on
the effect you are trying to achieve and the argument you are trying to make.
Arranging Notes and Research to Form an
Outline
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline > Steps of Preparing a Speech
Wording the Speech
• Use the ABC approach to begin your first draft. The Abstract explains your thesis.
The Body features your main points and supporting evidence. The Conclusion
contains your final thoughts and reiterates your point.
• Make sure to have all of your notes and research close by and easily accessible
so you can turn to your sources as often as you need to while your draft your
speech.
• Editing and revising are not the same thing. To edit, review your speech for
changes. To revise, actually implement those changes. Editing and revising are
cyclical in nature as you continue to hone your draft.
• If on your first draft you find yourself going off on a tangent, allow yourself to
Handwritten speech notes by President Ronald
Reagan
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follow it. You can always edit, revise and remove sections later that are wordy or
off-topic.
• Writer's block can happen to even the best writers. Take a break for a few
minutes and come back to your speech renewed and refreshed. But don't stay
away too long or you might lose your momentum.
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline > Steps of Preparing a Speech
Preparing to Present
• Determine how you will present your speech: will you read it verbatim, memorize
it, or read from an outline of notes?
• Reading verbatim has both its positives and negatives. On the plus side, you'll
have your entire speech written out in front of you; however, these types of
speeches tend to feel a bit stilted to audience members.
• Memorizing your speech can seem like a weighty task, but it allows you to retain
all of your key points and wording while still appearing natural and effortless to
your audience. It frees you from having to read right off of a manuscript.
• When speaking extemporaneously, you can have a rough outline of your notes.
You might have this on a single sheet or perhaps across several notecards. In
A student rehearses his speech.
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either case, these serve as reminders about your topic, your points and in what
order they should be shared.
• If you're nervous about presenting in front of a group of people for the first time,
work out your nerves by asking a small group of friends or colleagues to be your
test audience. Your test audience can give you immediate feedback on what you
did well and how you could improve.
• Ever wonder what you look like while giving a speech? Practice in front of a
mirror, or better yet: record yourself. You'll be able to see if you have any
unconscious gestures or habits that you can correct or prevent as you feel them
happening.
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline > Steps of Preparing a Speech
Delivering the Speech
• Make sure you dress to impress. While some speeches may be delivered in a
casual setting, you want to make sure you're wearing clothing appropriate to the
dress code of your event.
• Be aware of your body language. A closed body position (arms crossed,
shoulders hunched) and lack of eye contact will make it extremely difficult for your
audience to engage with you.
• Engage your audience by making eye contact with them. If making eye contact
wigs you out, you can always look just above their heads to give the same effect.
• Stand up straight, remember to breathe, and limit your "um"s, "uh"s, and "like"s.
Use whole phrases like "should have" instead of "shoulda. " Avoid slang or
A woman delivers a speech at a TEDx event.
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profanity.
• Have a backup plan in case equipment fails for things such as visual aids,
PowerPoint presentations, or teleprompters.
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Appendix
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
Key terms
• abstract Difficult to understand; abstruse.
• anecdote An account or story which supports an argument, but which is not supported by scientific or statistical analysis.
• body language Body language is a form of mental and physical ability of human non-verbal communication. It consists of body
posture, gestures, facial expressions, and eye movements. Humans send and interpret such signals almost entirely
subconsciously.
• brainstorming A method of problem solving in which individuals or members of a group contribute ideas spontaneously.
• chronological In order of time from the earliest to the latest
• demographic A demographic criterion: a characteristic used to classify people for statistical purposes, such as age, race, or
gender.
• distill To extract the essence of; concentrate; purify.
• eloquence The quality of artistry and persuasiveness in speech or writing.
• ethnocentrism The tendency to look at the world primarily from the perspective of one's own culture.
• exposition The act of declaring or describing something through either speech or writing.
• extemporaneous A type of speech delivery which involves preparation of speaker notes prior to delivery, associated with
conversational style of delivery.
• plagiarism The act of plagiarizing: the copying of another person's ideas, text or other creative work, and presenting it as one's
own, especially without permission.
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
• rebut To deny the truth of something, especially by presenting arguments that disprove it.
• stereotype A conventional, formulaic, and oversimplified conception, opinion, or image.
• thesis A concise summary of the argument or main points, usually one to three sentences long.
• thesis statement A thesis statement summarizes a speech's argument in one to three sentences.
• topic Subject; theme; a category or general area of interest.
• verbatim A word-for-word report of a speech.
• writer's block The inability to begin or continue work on a piece of writing; normally temporary.
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
Arranging Notes and Research to Form an Outline
Don't assume your reader has done the same research you have. Explain your conclusions fully.
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
An audience waiting for a show to begin.
Knowing your audience is key to crafting an effective, successful speech.
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
Preparing supporting ideas and materials
It's important to select the right evidence and supporting materials to help you establish the various points you plan to make throughout your speech.
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
Student researching.
Make sure you thorough research and gather enough evidence and supporting materials in order to confidently and competently talk about your topic.
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
Painting depicting a lecture in a knight academy.
Your thesis is the main argument of your speech.
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
A student rehearses his speech.
Take the time you need to rehearse and prepare your speech before getting up in front of your audience.
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
Handwritten speech notes by President Ronald Reagan
Carefully choose the best words and phrasing for your speech.
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
Clustering
An example of an idea cluster for the subject "gardening"
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
A woman delivers a speech at a TEDx event.
Once you put together all the elements of your speech and prepare well, it's time to get out there and deliver your speech!
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
After brainstorming one or multiple topics, speech writers should
move on to which of the following steps?
A) Research what other writers have said about the topic.
B) Develop the thesis or argument of the speech.
C) Refine and synthesize the ideas into one topic.
D) Write associated ideas, topics, or subcategories related to that main
topic.
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
After brainstorming one or multiple topics, speech writers should
move on to which of the following steps?
A) Research what other writers have said about the topic.
B) Develop the thesis or argument of the speech.
C) Refine and synthesize the ideas into one topic.
D) Write associated ideas, topics, or subcategories related to that main
topic.
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
A student is asked to give a 5-minute persuasive speech to his
classmates. When he presents a critique his girlfriend’s intimate
anatomy, he has all of his classmates laughing so much that only
the instructor notices the speech was almost twice its assigned
length. Which constraint on topic selection was the only one the
speaker did NOT ignore?
A) Audience
B) Purpose
C) Context
D) Time frame
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
A student is asked to give a 5-minute persuasive speech to his
classmates. When he presents a critique his girlfriend’s intimate
anatomy, he has all of his classmates laughing so much that only
the instructor notices the speech was almost twice its assigned
length. Which constraint on topic selection was the only one the
speaker did NOT ignore?
A) Audience
B) Purpose
C) Context
D) Time frame
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Saylor OER. "Communication « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0
http://www.saylor.org/majors/Communication/
Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
Writers should consider which of the following factors when
tailoring their speech toward a specific audience?
A) Gender and age
B) Cultural background and/or ethnicity
C) Speaker gestures and mannerisms
D) All of these answers
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
Writers should consider which of the following factors when
tailoring their speech toward a specific audience?
A) Gender and age
B) Cultural background and/or ethnicity
C) Speaker gestures and mannerisms
D) All of these answers
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
The act of plagiarizing: the copying of another person's ideas, text
or other creative work, and presenting it as one's own, especially
without permission.
A) ethics
B) ethical
C) recuse
D) plagiarism
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
The act of plagiarizing: the copying of another person's ideas, text
or other creative work, and presenting it as one's own, especially
without permission.
A) ethics
B) ethical
C) recuse
D) plagiarism
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
The act of plagiarizing: the copying of another person's ideas, text
or other creative work, and presenting it as one's own, especially
without permission.
A) plagiarism
B) ethics
C) open-minded
D) ethical
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
The act of plagiarizing: the copying of another person's ideas, text
or other creative work, and presenting it as one's own, especially
without permission.
A) plagiarism
B) ethics
C) open-minded
D) ethical
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
The act of plagiarizing: the copying of another person's ideas, text
or other creative work, and presenting it as one's own, especially
without permission.
A) plagiarism
B) anecdote
C) thesis
D) ethnocentrism
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
The act of plagiarizing: the copying of another person's ideas, text
or other creative work, and presenting it as one's own, especially
without permission.
A) plagiarism
B) anecdote
C) thesis
D) ethnocentrism
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
Speech writers can ensure they are using credible sources to
back up their claims by drawing upon sources such as
A) scholarly journals.
B) tabloid newspapers.
C) Internet blogs.
D) word-of-mouth.
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
Speech writers can ensure they are using credible sources to
back up their claims by drawing upon sources such as
A) scholarly journals.
B) tabloid newspapers.
C) Internet blogs.
D) word-of-mouth.
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
When used for developing the contents of a speech, what does
the word support refer to?
A) A range of strategies that reinforce a central idea
B) A type of evidence that is used to persuade
C) The use of credible, reliable, reputable sources
D) The application of timely and relevant empirical data
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
When used for developing the contents of a speech, what does
the word support refer to?
A) A range of strategies that reinforce a central idea
B) A type of evidence that is used to persuade
C) The use of credible, reliable, reputable sources
D) The application of timely and relevant empirical data
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Saylor OER. "Communication « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0
http://www.saylor.org/majors/Communication/
Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
The thesis statement should be presented at which point of the
speech?
A) In the body
B) At the conclusion
C) Throughout the speech
D) In the introduction
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
The thesis statement should be presented at which point of the
speech?
A) In the body
B) At the conclusion
C) Throughout the speech
D) In the introduction
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
Speech writers who adopt an expository approach when
supporting claims in a speech allow speakers to
A) present all of the background information the audience needs to know
to understand the main argument.
B) break down the main argument into simple parts that are easy for the
audience to understand.
C) tell a story or anecdote that makes the speaker personable and
believable.
D) show the similarities between the audience and topic, and the
presenter and audience.
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
Speech writers who adopt an expository approach when
supporting claims in a speech allow speakers to
A) present all of the background information the audience needs to know
to understand the main argument.
B) break down the main argument into simple parts that are easy for the
audience to understand.
C) tell a story or anecdote that makes the speaker personable and
believable.
D) show the similarities between the audience and topic, and the
presenter and audience.
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
Organizing a speech thesis into smaller, logical steps to build
toward a larger, more complex idea helps strengthen
A) the speech's conclusion.
B) the speech's introduction
C) the thesis' main argument.
D) the speech's supporting evidence.
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
Organizing a speech thesis into smaller, logical steps to build
toward a larger, more complex idea helps strengthen
A) the speech's conclusion.
B) the speech's introduction
C) the thesis' main argument.
D) the speech's supporting evidence.
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
Which of the following examples best describes the editing
process?
A) Rewriting awkward phrasing or parts throughout the speech
B) Developing substantive claims to support and argue the speech's
thesis
C) Connecting the main points in the conclusion
D) Introducing a summary of the subject and main thesis
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
Which of the following examples best describes the editing
process?
A) Rewriting awkward phrasing or parts throughout the speech
B) Developing substantive claims to support and argue the speech's
thesis
C) Connecting the main points in the conclusion
D) Introducing a summary of the subject and main thesis
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
A type of speech delivery which involves preparation of speaker
notes prior to delivery, associated with conversational style of
delivery.
A) extemporaneous
B) ethnocentrism
C) thesis statement
D) chronological
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
A type of speech delivery which involves preparation of speaker
notes prior to delivery, associated with conversational style of
delivery.
A) extemporaneous
B) ethnocentrism
C) thesis statement
D) chronological
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Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
A type of speech delivery which involves preparation of speaker
notes prior to delivery, associated with conversational style of
delivery.
A) impromptu
B) Proclamation
C) teleprompter
D) extemporaneous
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
A type of speech delivery which involves preparation of speaker
notes prior to delivery, associated with conversational style of
delivery.
A) impromptu
B) Proclamation
C) teleprompter
D) extemporaneous
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Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
A type of speech delivery which involves preparation of speaker
notes prior to delivery, associated with conversational style of
delivery.
A) extemporaneous
B) impromptu
C) mind map
D) concept map
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
A type of speech delivery which involves preparation of speaker
notes prior to delivery, associated with conversational style of
delivery.
A) extemporaneous
B) impromptu
C) mind map
D) concept map
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
To overcome nervousness before delivering a speech, speakers
should do which of the following?
A) Reread the speech repeatedly
B) Practice the speech in front of friends or colleagues
C) Ask for feedback before delivering the final speech
D) All of the answers.
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
To overcome nervousness before delivering a speech, speakers
should do which of the following?
A) Reread the speech repeatedly
B) Practice the speech in front of friends or colleagues
C) Ask for feedback before delivering the final speech
D) All of the answers.
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Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
Which of the following represents the best way to convert the
statements from a sentence outline about electric cars into
speaking notes? 1. Electric cars protect the environment by
reducing the need to drill for oil in environmentally sensitive
regions. 2. Electric cars help protect the earth by reducing carbon
emissions that contribute to global warming.
A) Electric car benefits - protect environment, protect earth
B) Environment benefits - reduces drilling, carbon emissions
C) Benefits sensitive regions, lessens global warming
D) Electric cars benefit the environment.
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
Which of the following represents the best way to convert the
statements from a sentence outline about electric cars into
speaking notes? 1. Electric cars protect the environment by
reducing the need to drill for oil in environmentally sensitive
regions. 2. Electric cars help protect the earth by reducing carbon
emissions that contribute to global warming.
A) Electric car benefits - protect environment, protect earth
B) Environment benefits - reduces drilling, carbon emissions
C) Benefits sensitive regions, lessens global warming
D) Electric cars benefit the environment.
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Saylor OER. "Communication « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY
3.0 http://www.saylor.org/majors/Communication/
Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
Which of the following is the most important consideration when
choosing between a sentence outline and note cards for
delivering your speech?
A) If you use a sentence outline, you will end up reading to your audience
rather than speaking to them.
B) If you use note cards, you will have more eye contact with your
audience.
C) If you use note cards, you will not be able to put a lot of information on
them.
D) If you use a sentence outline, you will have a safety net if you forget
what you need to say.
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
Which of the following is the most important consideration when
choosing between a sentence outline and note cards for
delivering your speech?
A) If you use a sentence outline, you will end up reading to your audience
rather than speaking to them.
B) If you use note cards, you will have more eye contact with your
audience.
C) If you use note cards, you will not be able to put a lot of information on
them.
D) If you use a sentence outline, you will have a safety net if you forget
what you need to say.
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Saylor OER. "Communication « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0
http://www.saylor.org/majors/Communication/
Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
When speaking, presenters should make sure to do which of the
following?
A) Avoid eye contact with the audience.
B) Choose a spot in the room and remain there for the duration of the
speech.
C) Ask audience members to hold applause until the end of the
presentation.
D) Use silence rather than fillers during pauses in the speech.
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
When speaking, presenters should make sure to do which of the
following?
A) Avoid eye contact with the audience.
B) Choose a spot in the room and remain there for the duration of the
speech.
C) Ask audience members to hold applause until the end of the
presentation.
D) Use silence rather than fillers during pauses in the speech.
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Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
Attribution
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http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Rhetoric_and_Composition/Oral_Presentations#Do.27s_and_Don.27ts
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http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Professional_and_Technical_Writing/Presentations#Choosing_the_Type_of_Oral_Delivery
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http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Professional_and_Technical_Writing/Presentations#How_Will_You_Start_Your_Introduction.3F
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share, print,
make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
• Wikibooks. "Professional and Technical Writing/Presentations." Free
CCtoBY-SA
3.0
Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
• Wikibooks. "Rhetoric and Composition/Oral Presentations." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Rhetoric_and_Composition/Oral_Presentations#Do.27s_and_Don.27ts
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• Project Gutenberg. Public domain http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16317/16317-h/16317-h.htm#CHAPTER_XVIII
• Wikibooks. "Rhetoric and Composition/Planning and Prewriting." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Rhetoric_and_Composition/Planning_and_Prewriting
• Wikibooks. "Rhetoric and Composition/The Stages of the Writing Process." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Rhetoric_and_Composition/The_Stages_of_the_Writing_Process
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http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Rhetoric_and_Composition/Researching
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http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Survey_of_Communication_Study/Chapter_7__Rhetorical_Criticism#Understanding_Rhetorical_Criticism
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Preparing the Speech: A Process Outline
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