 The
Rise of the MACHINES!
 Preview:
–Identify the top 3 inventions
of all time that have affected
your life (Explain why for
each)
Industrial Revolution—a time of
great economic, technological, and
social changes that began in
England between 1780 & 1840 and
eventually spread throughout
Europe and the USA. During this
time, power-driven machinery in
factories replaced work done in
homes
The Rise of the
Industrial Revolution
Pre-Industrial
Society
Farming in the Middle Ages
 During
the Middle Ages, most of
Europe was organized into
farming villages on feudal manors
 The manor produced all the food
necessary to feed the feudal
population (subsistence farming)
 1 of 3 manor fields was left fallow
(empty) so the field could regain
its fertility after being harvested
 Animals grazed in these pastures
The
Three
Field
System
Farming in the Middle Ages
 Disadvantages:
–Farmers did not use all their
available land at all times (the
three-field system was
inefficient)
–Farmers did not experiment with
new farming methods
Farming in the Middle Ages
 An
Agricultural Revolution began
in England & spread throughout
Europe because:
–The population of England was
increasing & more food was
needed to feed the people
–Napoleon’s Continental System
cut off food imports from Europe
into England, so England had to
produce more food for itself
The
Agricultural
Revolution
The Agricultural Revolution
 Enclosure
Movement:
–Farmers were losing large
amounts of crops after animals
trampled them; So wealthy
landlords fenced in common
pastures & experimented with
new farming technology
–Villages lost common lands &
peasants became poorer; But,
more food was produced
The Agricultural Revolution
 Having
one field fallow, farmers were
not using all available land; BUT
planting crops in all fields took
nutrients out of the soil
 Crop Rotation (“Scientific Farming”)—
Every season, farmers used all fields
but changed what crops are in what
fields (Fields depleted of nutrients by
1 crop are replenished by a different
crop); More crops produced
The Agricultural Revolution
 Other
Discoveries & Innovations :
–Jethro Tull invented the seed drill;
made planting seeds more efficient
–Use of new crops (American corn &
potatoes grew well in Europe)
 Results of Agricultural Revolution:
–More food was available & the
population increased (death rate
declined as fewer people starved)
#1
Cottage
Industry and
Capitalism
Cottage Industry and Capitalism
 Capitalism
is an economic system
based on private ownership of
businesses, free competition, &
maximizing profits
 The cottage industry is an
example of early form of
capitalism
Cottage Industry and Capitalism
 What
is the Cottage Industry?
–Merchants buy materials (wool,
cotton) & take to cottages to be
spun
–Take new yarn from spinners to
weavers (make cloth), then to dyers
to color the cloth, then to sewers to
make finished product (shirt, pants)
–Then, they sell the product for more
than material & labor costs = profits
Cottage Industry and Capitalism
 Effects
of the Cottage Industry:
–Big profits for new class of
merchants (Profits + New
Investment = Bigger Profit)
–New source of
income for
peasants in
addition to
farming
The Textile
Industry and
Factory System
Textile Industry and Factory System
1st Industry was in Textiles:
–Cottage industry couldn’t keep up
with demand for textiles (clothes)
–New machines were invented to
improve spinning & weaving
–Cotton Gin separated seeds from
cotton; made cotton profitable;
increased need for slave labor
 The
Spinning
Wheel
One Invention leads to Another
Six Major Inventions Change the Cotton Industry
•John Kay - Flying Shuttle
•James Hargreaves - Spinning Jenny
•Richard Arkwright - Water Frame
•Samuel Crompton - Spinning Mule
•Edmund Cartwright - Power Loom
•Eli Whitney - Cotton Gin
1804 - Trevithick - steam locomotive
1769 - Watt - steam engine
1721 - Tull - seed drill
1785 - Cartwright - power loom
1764 -Hargreaves - spinning jenny
1769 -Arkwright -water frame
1793 - Whitney - cotton gin
1733 -Kay - flying shuttle
1779 - Crompton - spinning mule
John Kay’s Flying Shuttle
• The Flying Shuttle was invented in 1733
• The Flying Shuttle was a piece of wood that held yarn
• The shuttle was woven in and out of the yarn tied to the
loom
• It allowed the weaver to work twice as fast
Spinning Jenny
James Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny
• The Spinning Jenny was invented in 1764.
• It was a faster spinning wheel.
• This machine could spin 80 threads at a time.
• Humans could spin only 1 thread at a time.
• This machine was hand operated.
Richard Arkwright’s
Water Frame
• Richard Arkwright invented the water frame in 1769.
• This invention used water power from a fast flowing
stream to drive the spinning wheels.
Spinning Mule
Samuel Crompton’s Spinning
Mule
• The Spinning Mule was invented in 1779.
• This machine combined the Spinning Jenny and the
water frame.
• This machine was used to make stronger, finer thread.
Power Loom
Edmund Cartwright’s Power Loom
• The Power Loom was invented in 1785.
• This new loom made weaving much faster.
• It ran on waterpower.
• In 1813, 2000 looms were in use in English factories.
• By 1833, 100,000 looms were in use in England.
Cotton Gin
Textile Industry and Factory System
 Rise
of the Factory:
–New machines were put in factories
(too big for homes) & relied on
water power so factories located
near water sources
 Effects of Factories in Britain:
–Mass-produced textiles were much
cheaper than hand-made products
–Villagers lost part of income & were
forced to find jobs in urban factories