2.05 Remember the
structures of the
respiratory system
Structures of the respiratory system
Upper Respiratory
System





Nose
Sinuses
Pharynx
Epiglottis
Larynx
Lower Respiratory
System


Trachea
Lungs
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
2
Structures of the
Upper Respiratory System
Nose
Nasal cavity – space behind the nose



Vestibular region
Olfactory region
Respiratory region
Nasal septum – cartilage that divides the
nose into right and left sides
Turbinates – scroll-like bones in the
respiratory region
Cilia – nose hairs
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
3
Structures of the
Upper Respiratory System
Sinuses - Cavities in the
skull.

Ducts connect sinuses to the
nasal cavity

Lined with mucous membrane
to warm and moisten the air

Provide resonance to the voice
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
4
Structures of the
Upper Respiratory System

Pharynx
 Throat




Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
About 5” long
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
5
Structures of the
Upper Respiratory System
Epiglottis
A flap or lid that closes over
the opening to the larynx
when food is swallowed
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
6
Structures of the
Upper Respiratory System
Larynx
 Voice Box



Triangular chamber below
pharynx
Within the larynx are vocal
cords, the glottis
Also called the Adam’s
Apple
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
7
Structures of the
Lower Respiratory System
Trachea
 Windpipe



Approximately 4 ½” long
The walls are composed of
alternate bands of membrane and
C-shaped rings of hyaline
cartilage.
Lined with ciliated mucous
membrane
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
8
Structures of the
Lower Respiratory System

At the lower end of trachea,
the bronchus divide into right
and left branches.

As they enter the lungs, the
bronchus subdivide into
bronchial tubes and into
bronchioles.

At the end of the bronchioles
are alveolar ducts and clusters
of alveoli.
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
9
Structures of the
Lower Respiratory System

Bronchi


Bronchial tubes


Ciliated mucous membrane
and hyaline cartilage
Cartilaginous plates
Bronchioles


Thinner walls of smooth
muscle
Lined with ciliated
epithelium
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
10
Structures of the
Lower Respiratory System
Alveoli



Composed of a single layer
of epithelial tissue
Contain surfactant …fatty
substance that keeps the
alveoli from collapsing
Each alveolus is surrounded
by capillaries
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
11
Structures of the
Lower Respiratory System

The lungs are located in the thoracic cavity




Apex
Base
Fit snugly over diaphragm.
Lung tissue is porous and spongy.

Right lung
 Larger
and shorter than the left lung
 Displaced by the liver
 3 lobes

Left lung
 Smaller
than the right side
 Displaced by the heart
 2 lobes
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
12
Structures of the
Lower Respiratory System
Pleura

Thin, moist slippery membrane
that covers lungs…serous
membrane

Double-walled sac

Space is pleural cavity – filled
with pleural fluid
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
13
Structures of the
Lower Respiratory System
Mediastinum

A septum or cavity between
two principal portions of an
organ.




Contains the heart and its
large vessels, trachea,
esophagus, thymus, lymph
nodes, and connective tissue
Also called the interpleural
space
Located between the lungs
Contains the thoracic viscera
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
14
Structures of the
Lower Respiratory System
Diaphragm from the
muscular system!
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
15
Breathing

External respirationgas exchange in the lungs
occurs between the blood and
air in the atmosphere
Exhalation

Internal respiration gas exchange at the cellular
level where oxygen goes
from the blood stream to the
cells
Inhalation
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
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Inspiration
The part of respiration that involves air being
taken into the lungs.
The intercostal muscle lifts ribs outward,
sternum rises and the diaphragm contracts
and moves downward - this increases the
volume of the lungs and air rushes in.
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
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Expiration
Opposite action takes place
Exhalation is a passive process
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
18
Breathing
1 inspiration + 1 expiration = 1 respiration
How many times does a normal adult breath per minute?
Normal # of breaths an adult takes each minute-14-20
Increases with exercise, body temperature, certain
diseases.
Changes with age – newborn = 40-60/min
Sleep = respirations ↓
Emotion can ↑ or ↓ respiratory rate
19
Respiratory Movements
Compare respiratory
movements.

Coughing


Hiccups
Sneezing

Yawning
Why do they occur?
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
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Control of breathing

Neural Factors

Respiratory center
located in MEDULLA
OBLONGATA

PHRENIC NERVE –
stimulates the
diaphragm
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
21
Control of breathing

Chemical Factors

CO2 and O2 levels in
the blood is sensed by
the brain (respiratory
center in brain)

Chemoreceptor in aorta
and carotid arteries
sensitive to the amount
of blood O2
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
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Types of breathing







Apnea
Dyspnea
Eupnea
Hyperpnea
Orthopnea
Tachypnea
Hyperventilation
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
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Lung capacity and volume

Tidal volume

Inspiratory reserve volume
(IRV)

Expiratory reserve volume
(ERV)
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
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Lung capacity and volume

Vital lung capacity

Residual volume

Functional residual capacity
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
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Lung capacity and volume

Total lung capacity




Tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve
Expiratory reserve
Residual air
Sample
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
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Respiratory disorders

COMMON COLD


What is it? What causes it?
Hand-washing – best
preventative measure
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
27
COMMON COLD





Contagious viral
respiratory infection
Indirect causes –
chilling, fatigue, lack of
proper food, and not
enough sleep
Rx – Rest, drink warm
liquids and fruit juice,
good nutrition
Also called an Upper
Respiratory Infection
(URI)
Hand washing – best
preventative measure
LARYNGITIS

Inflammation of larynx
or voice box

Often secondary to
other respiratory
infections

Symptoms – sore
throat, hoarseness or
loss of voice,
dysphasia (difficulty
swallowing)…treatment
= no talking!
RESPIRATORY DISORDERS

SINUSITIS
Infection of mucous
membrane that lines
sinus cavities

Caused by bacteria or
virus

Symptoms – headache or
pressure, thick nasal
discharge, loss of voice
resonance
Rx – symptomatic,
surgery for chronic
sinusitis

Respiratory disorders

Asthma
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
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ASTHMA

Inflammatory airway obstruction

Caused by allergen or psychological stress

5% of Americans have asthma

Symptoms = difficulty exhaling, dyspnea,
wheezing, tightness in chest

Rx: anti-inflammatory drugs, inhaled
bronchodilator
BRONCHITIS

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the
trachea and bronchial tubes, producing
excessive mucous

May be acute or chronic

Acute bronchitis characterized by cough,
fever, substernal pain and RALES (raspy
sound)
Chronic bronchitis – middle or old age,
cigarette smoking most common cause

Respiratory disorders

Bronchitis
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
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REPIRATORY DISORDERS
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE
PULMONARY DISEASE
(COPD) – Describes
chronic lung conditions,
especially emphysema
and chronic bronchitis
Rx – alleviate the
symptoms, decrease
exposure to respiratory
irritants, prevent
infections, restructure
activities to prevent need
for O2
EMPHYSEMA

Alveoli becomes over
dilated, lose their
elasticity.

May eventually rupture

Air becomes trapped,
can’t exhale – forced
exhalation required

Reduced exchange of
O2 and CO2
Dyspnea increases as
disease progresses

INFLUENZA (Flu)


Viral infection (VIRUS)
causing inflammation of
the mucous membrane of
lungs
Fever, mucopurulent
discharge, muscular pain,
extreme exhaustion

Complications –
pneumonia, neuritis, otitis
media and pleuresy

Rx – treat the symptoms
PNEUMONIA

Infection of the lung

Caused by bacteria or
virus.

Alveoli fill with
exudates (thick fluid)

Symptoms – chest pain,
fever, chills dyspnea

Rx – O2 and antibiotics
Respiratory disorders

Pneumothorax –
collapsed lung due to
air entering the
pleural cavity
39
TUBERCULOSIS

Illegal immigration, homelessness and AIDS has caused an
increase in US.

Tubercles (lesions) form in the lungs

Symptoms: cough, low grade fever in the afternoon, weight loss,
night sweats

Diagnosis – TB skin test
If skin test positive – follow up with chest x-ray and
sputum sample

Rx – antibiotic

Relevance of nutrients to
the respiratory system

The respiratory
system plays a vital
role in homeostasis
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
41