Industrial
Revolution
INCREDIBLE
INVENTIONS
The Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution
• Industrial Revolution (industrialization)= moving from
an agricultural society to one based on industry
(creating machine made goods)
• Begins in England
– Moves to Europe & America
– Starts with farming
– People are living longer
-Advances in medicine, hygiene and agriculture
improved the quality and
length of people’s
lives.
The Start of the Industrial Revolution
-By 1750, the Agricultural Revolution had led to a large increase in
Europe’s population.
-93% of people in Europe lived in rural areas
-Wealthy landowners buy up land from village farmers
-experiment with new farming methods
-build enclosures: fences closing off land
-crop rotation & seed drill
-requires less labor so farmers move to cities to find jobs
-new methods produce more crops!
Estimated Population of England
1066 to 1900
35,000,000
Industrial
Revolution
30,000,000
Agricultural
Revolution
Population
25,000,000
20,000,000
15,000,000
Norman
Invasion
Black
Death
10,000,000
5,000,000
0
1066
1100
1150
1200
1215
1348
1350
Year
1570
1603
1700
1851
1901
Why Did it Start in England?
•
Natural Resources
1. Water power & coal to fuel new
machines
2. Iron ore to make machines, tools,
buildings
3. Rivers & harbors for transportation
4. Good Banking System
• best in Europe-loans
5. Stable Government
• Fought many wars during 1700s,
victories=positive attitude
• None on British soil
• Government encouraged business
•
Britain had all the Factors of Production
1. Land
2. Labor
3. Capital (wealth)
Inventions, Inventions Inventions!!!
• Textile Industry
– Flying Shuttle
– Spinning Jenny
– Water Frame
– Power Loom
– Set up machines in large
buildings called factories
• Needed water power so
built near rivers & streams
– England got cotton from
American South
• Cotton gin
More Inventions
•
•
•
•
Watt’s Steam Engine
– Made travel more efficient
– Entrepreneur: person who organizes,
manages, and takes on risks of
business
Water Transportation
– American inventor Robert Fulton
used steam engine to propel boats
– Canals (human-made waterways)
made transportation more
economical
Road Transportation
– Built roads for profit (tolls)
Railroads
– Steam engine on wheels =D
– Revolutionizes life in Britain
From the Country to the City
The population of
England rose slowly, by less
than two million people,
during the 100 years from
1700 to 1800.
The population then
increased sharply from 1801
to 1901, increasing by over
22 million.
Many people moved into
the cities looking for work.
35000000
30000000
25000000
Population of England
1700 – 1901
20000000
15000000
10000000
5000000
0
1700
1801
1811
1821
1831
1841
1851
1861
1871
1881
1891
1901
Steam Engine
Railroads
steamboat
Light Bulb
Pasteurization
Cotton gin
ELI WHITNEY
Spinning Jenny
Flying shuttle
Water frame
Impact of the
Industrial Revolution
Urbanization
• Urbanization: people moving to cities
• Factories emerge around power sources
– Near water & coal
• People come in search of jobs & better life
• Urbanization causes many problems
Living Conditions
• England’s cities grew so rapidly that cities
were not adequately planned
• Lacked adequate housing, education, police
– Slums
– Crowded living conditions
• Pollution, unsanitary conditions (no drains
– Disease spread
• Life expectancy drops (17!)
Working Conditions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Dangerous & many injuries
Dirty & made some workers very sick
Very long hours, low wages
Women were paid less than men
Child labor!
Bosses exercised harsh discipline
Most workers lived in horrible poverty
Positive Long Term Effects
–
–
–
–
–
Industry creates new jobs
New inventions & technological progress
Creates enormous wealth for countries
Increased production of goods
Workers eventually won higher wages, shorter hours,
better working conditions
– Improvements in education
– Better housing, diet, clothing & other consumer goods
–Rise in STANDARD OF LIVING(better
overall quality of life)
Class Tensions
• The Industrial Revolution created
enormous wealth in Britain
– Who had the money? factory
owners, shippers, etc.
– Most workers lived in extreme
poverty
• UPPER CLASS
– Wealthy industrial/factory
owners & businessmen
• MIDDLE CLASS
– Small business owners, lawyers,
other professionals
• WORKING CLASS
– Factory workers & other
workers
– Workers suffered until they
fought for reform
Labor Unions
• By 1800s workers started uniting to
improve conditions
• UNIONS: organizations that speak for
the workers
– Most workers belong to a union today
– Strategies used:
1. Collective Bargaining: negotiating
between workers & bosses
2. Strike: refusing to work until demands
are met
• At first, governments denied workers the
right to form unions (threat to social
order & stability?)
• Union movement grew & workers win
better hours, pay, conditions
Other Reforms
• Slavery Abolished
– William Wilberforce: member of British Parliament who led the fight
to abolish slavery (1833)
– Industry more $ than slavery
• Women’s Rights
– Women fight for better pay (1/3 of men’s wages) &
conditions…UNIONS
– Eventually win right to vote (1920)
• Free Universal Education
– Horace Mann-favored free public education for all children
– He was a child laborer
– “If we do not prepare children to become good citizens…if we do not
enrich their minds with knowledge, then our republic (will be
destroyed)”
– Late 1800s most Western Europe & US provided free public
schooling
Industrialization Spreads
• British sneak out plans & bring
them to U.S. & Europe
• U.S., Japan, Germany & other
European countries
industrialize
• Competition between
countries
• Leads to industrialized
countries colonizing nonindustrialized countries to
seize their raw materials &
resources
• IMPERIALISM!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!