2.06 Understand the functions
and disorders of the respiratory
system
2.06 Understand the functions and
disorders of the respiratory system
Essential questions





What are the functions of the respiratory system?
What are some disorders of the respiratory system?
How are disorders of the respiratory system treated?
What is the importance of the respiratory system as
it relates to immunity?
How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to the
respiratory system?
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
2
Functions of the Respiratory System
Upper Respiratory System

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Nose
Sinuses
Pharynx
Epiglottis
Larynx
Lower Respiratory System


Trachea
Lungs
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
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Discuss the Functions of the
Upper Respiratory System Structures
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Nose: air enters here
Sinuses: warms/moistens air
Pharynx: throat
Epiglottis: flap that closes while
eating to prevent food from
entering larynx
Larynx: voicebox
Trachea: Windpipe
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
4
Discuss the Functions of the
Lower Respiratory System Structures
Trachea

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Bronchi: separate from trachea into a right and left
Bronchial tubes: bronchial trees
Bronchioles: made of smooth muscle
Alveoli: made of epithelial tissue (covered in surfactant—
fatty substance that prevents alveoli collapse)
Lungs



Pleura: thin moist membrane covers lungs
Mediastinum: space in between 2 layers of pleura
Diaphragm: allows expansion of chest during
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
respiration
of the respiratory system
5
Functions of the Respiratory System
Discuss the functions of
the respiratory system.
What is the relevance to
your health?
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
6
Breathing
Exhalation
Discuss the process of
breathing.
 External respirations:
exchange of o2 and CO2
between lungs and
outside environment
 Internal respiration:
CO2 and O2 exchange at
the cellular level
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
Inhalation
7
Breathing
1 inspiration + 1 expiration = 1 respiration
How many times does a normal adult breath per minute?
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
8
Control of breathing

Neural Factors
Explain the role of the
Medulla Oblongata
Regulates inspiration and
expiration through 2 centers
 What does the Phrenic
Nerve do?
 Leads to diaphragm and
intercostal muscles

2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
9
Control of breathing

Chemical Factors



What are the chemical
factors involved in
breathing?
As blood circulates if there
is too much CO2 the
respiratory senses recognize
there is excess and will
increase RR to compensate
Compare to NEURAL
FACTORS.
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
10
Respiratory Movements
Compare respiratory movements.

Coughing : clear lower respiratory tract

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Hiccups: diaphragm spasm
Sneezing : clear upper respiratory tract

Yawning: body needs increased O2 in the blood
Why do they occur?
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
11
Types of breathing
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Apnea: no breathing
Dyspnea: difficult, labored, painful breathing
Eupnea: normal, easy breathing (quiet)
Hyperpnea: increase depth and rate of breathing
Orthopnea: difficult or labored breathing when
lying flat
Tachypnea: rapid and shallow breathing
Hyperventilation: rapid breathing causing body to
lose CO2 too quickly (dizziness and fainting)
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
12
Lung capacity and volume

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Tidal volume: amount of air moves in
& out of lungs with each breath
(500mL)
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV):
amount of air you can force a person
to take over & above the tidal volume
(2100-3000mL)
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV):
amount of air a person can exhale
above the tidal volume (1000mL)
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
13
Lung capacity and volume



Vital lung capacity:
TV+IRV+ERV=4500mL
Residual volume: amount of air
that cannot be voluntarily expelled
from the lungs (allows for
continuous exchange of gases
between breaths=1500mL)
Functional residual capacity:
ERV+residual volume= 2500mL
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
14
Lung capacity and volume

Total lung capacity




Tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve
Expiratory reserve
Residual air
Sample
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
15
Respiratory disorders

Asthma
What is asthma? Airway becomes
obstructed because of an inflammatory
response to a stimuli
Who most likely has it? Allergen or
psychological stress
Symptoms: exhaling, wheezing,
dyspnea & tightness in chest
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
16
Respiratory disorders


Bronchitis: inflammation of
mucous membrane of trachea
and bronchial tubes that
causes excess mucus
What is bronchitis?


Acute: spreading inflammation
from nasopharynx or inhalation of
irritants (cough, fever, substernal
pain and rales—raspy sound)
Chronic: mid-old age (severe and
persistent cough with large
mounts of discolored sputum)
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
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Respiratory disorders



Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder
Chronic Bronchitis, emphysema, and
asthmatic bronchitis
Obstruction of airflow
SMOKING!!!!!
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
18
Respiratory disorders

COMMON COLD



What is it? Runny nose, cough, sneezing, stuffy head,
sore throat
What causes it? Hundreds of different strains of
viruses
Hand-washing – best preventative
measure
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
19
Respiratory disorders

Emphysema
What is emphysema?
Alveoli become overdilated, loses
elasticity, and cannot rebound—
alveoli rupture, air becomes trapped
there and is difficult to exhale, reduce
exchange of O2 and CO2
Who is most likely to have it?
Smokers
How is it treated? Alleviate symptoms
(supplemental O2)
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
20
Respiratory disorders
Influenza
Discuss the symptoms of
influenza.
FEVER, muscle
pain/fatigue, and mucus
discharge from nose and
cough

2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
21
Respiratory disorders

Pneumonia
• Viral or bacteria
• Alveoli filled with thick
fluid that has pus and
RBC’s
• Symptoms: chest pain,
fever, chills, and dyspnea
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
22
Respiratory disorders

Pneumothorax: air in the chest cavity
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
23
Respiratory disorders




Sinusitis: infection in the sinus
cavity
Many cavities may be infected
Pain and nasal discharge are
main symptoms
Use a humidifier, drink plenty of
fluids, warm moist cloth to face
several times a day
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
24
Respiratory disorders

Tuberculosis
• Causes lesions in lungs
• Cases had been steadily
decreasing until recent years
due to increase homeless,
AIDS & illegal immigrants
• Treat with INH
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
25
Relevance of nutrients to
the respiratory system

The respiratory
system plays a vital
role in homeostasis

Discuss the relevance
to your health.

What is the relevance
to the body’s use of
nutrients?
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
26
2.06 Understand the functions and
disorders of the respiratory system
Essential questions





What are the functions of the respiratory system?
What are some disorders of the respiratory system?
How are disorders of the respiratory system treated?
What is the importance of the respiratory system as
it relates to immunity?
How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to the
respiratory system?
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
27