SNC 1D: Chemistry Review
Chapter 4: Matter
Particle theory of matter
1. All matter made up of tiny particles
2. Each pure substance is made of unique particles
3. Particles attract each other
4. Particles are always moving
5. The higher the temp. the faster the particles move
Mixtures can be separated by physical means such as distillation or filtering,
compounds can only be separated by chemical means
Physical Properties are characteristics of a substance that can observed or measured
Observed qualitative, include: colour, odour, state, texture, lustre, malleability and ductility
Measured quantitative, includes: viscosity, melting point, boiling point, solubility,
hardness, conductivity and density
Chemical Properties are the ability of a substance to react and form new substances. These include reactivity, combustibility,
explosiveness, toxicity and stability.
Signs of a Chemical Change
1. Formation of gas
2. New colour
3. Change in Temperature
4. Formation of Precipitate
5. Production of light
Chapter 5: Atoms
Atomic Number: number of protons in the nucleus (number of electrons)
Mass Number: number of protons and neutrons in nucleus
Isotopes: one of two or more forms of an element that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons
The periodic table sorts the elements by atomic number so that similar element appear in vertical family groups
There are three major classifications of elements, metals,
non-metals and metalloids
Family Groups – be able to describe main characteristics of
and locate these groups: Alkali Metals, Alkaline Earth Metals,
Transition Metals, Halogens and Noble Gases
Trends
Reactivity: Increases as you go down (metals) and increases
as you go up (non-metals)
Chapter 6: Compounds
In order for atoms to “be happy” (stable) their outermost energy level should be full (called the octet rule). Chemical bonds are
formed when electrons from different atoms interact.
Ions in ionic compounds are arranged in a crystal lattice. Properties of ionic compounds include: high melting and boiling point,
hard, brittle, very soluble, and can conduct electricity only when dissolved in water or when melted (electrolytes).
Molecular compounds tend to have low melting and boiling
points and are good insulators; they are not electrolytes.
Covalent compounds include plastics.
To represent molecules we can use:
Bohr-Rutherford Diagram
Ball and Stick Model
Space Filling Model