The Science of Marine Biology
Marine Biology is a general science
applied to the sea
Study of Marine Life
Nearly all disciplines of Biology is
represented
• Oceanography – Scientific study of the
physical and chemical properties of the ocean.
• Geological Oceanography: Study of the Sea
Floor
• Chemical Oceanography – Study of waves ,
tides, currents, etc.
History of Marine Biology
• Stone Age – Evidence of clam bakes , ancient
Harpoons and simple fish hook have been
found
Marine animals are used for food - evidence
found in an Egyptian tomb where a puffer fish is
depicted as poisonous but were not maritime
people
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Phoenicians
• First accomplished Western navigators. Sailed
around the Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea,
Eastern Atlantic Ocean, Black Sea, and Indian
Ocean.
• Established colonies and commerce
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Minoans of Crete and Myocenean
Greeks
• They made voyages within the Mediternean Sea.
Homer
• The Homeric poems describe events around
1200 BC and involve fairly extensive sea
voyages
• References to the sea and its mysteries
abound in Greek mythology, particularly the
Homeric poems "The Iliad" and "The
Odyssey".
• However, these two sources of ancient history
mostly refer to the sea as a means of
transportation and food source.
Homer
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Greek
Born around
8th century
B.C.
Aristotle
• Aristotle - First marine biologist. Described
marine life forms and recognized fish breath
by gills.
Writings of Aristotle
• From 384-322 BC that specific references to
marine life were recorded.
• Aristotle identified a variety of species including
crustaceans, echinoderms, mollusks, and fish.
• He also recognized that cetaceans are mammals,
and that marine vertebrates are either oviparous
(producing eggs that hatch outside the body) or
viviparous (producing eggs that hatch within the
body).
DARK AGES
• · Vikings explored then northern Atlantic.
• · Leif Eriksson - discovered “Vinland” (North
America)
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What were the Dark Ages?
Causes:
• Barbarian invasion brought down the Roman
Empire
• Roman Empire was already in decline
militarily, economically, socially, politically
• 476 A.D. to 800 A.D. ( Accession of
Charlemagne as a the First Holy Roman
Emperor
• Time of constant warfare, despotic chiefs and
minor kings, migrations of entire nations.
Darks Ages Cont.
• Much of the learning by the Romans built up
• Destroyed with the libraries.
Erickson Voyage
Leif Erickson (Son of Erik the Red)
• Father found the first European settlement On
Greenland
• Born in Iceland
• He was on a return trip from Norway after being
converted to Christianity and sailed off of course or
searched for Vinland from an Iceland trader story of
seeing the shore.
• He landed 500 years before Columbus.
• Never returned after spending the winter there,.
• Died in Green Land
• Established a Norse Settlement in Canada at the tip of
New Foundland.
Other Travels of the Vikings
Leif’s Travels
• He landed in Vinland by mistake, Leif was
blown off course to Greenland to introduce
Christianity.
Vikings
• The Vikings Origins
• Came from Scandinavia
– Present day Norway, Sweden, and Denmark
• Terrorized Europe
– Attacked from the sea
– Their ships
– had high prows, so they were good in heavy seas
– had shallow drafts, so they could quickly and easily pull onto shore for
attack, then push back into water to get away
– Typically carrying 30-50 warriors
– Some Capable of holding 300 warriors
– Fearsome fighters, often killing even unarmed churchmen
• Settlers throughout the Atlantic
– Explored far into the North Atlantic
Viking s Continued
• Settlers throughout the Atlantic
– Explored far into the North Atlantic
– Established settlements on Iceland and Greenland
– Explored as far as Newfoundland (Leai Ericson)
– At one time, controlled part of ireland, nearly all of England, Northern
France (Normandy)
– Pattern typically was raid and terrorize first, settle later
• End of the Viking age
– Europe learned to respond quickly to Viking raids
– Adoption of Christianity by the Vikings made them less hostile toward
fellow Christians
– Global warming about this time made Viking settlements especially
prosperous
Arab Traders
• · Arab Traders - voyaged to East Africa, South
East Asia and India
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Christopher Columbus
• Rediscovered the New World 1492
• European Voyage
Columbus continued….
• Born: Cristo Colombo
• He Convinced that traveling west will open
new route to Asia.
• Most European Rulers did not support him.
• Finally Ferndinand and Isabella of Spain
financed him.
• He was a cheapskate. He promised gold to the
person that first sighted land.
Columbus continued…..
• Oct 12, 1492 Rodrigo De Triana sighted the
island s of the Brahamas. Chris took the
sighting and claim he saw a glimpse of it at
nite. Sailor did not get the reward.
• Named the Island San Salvador
Columbus Voyages a Disaster!
• Santa Maria ran aground, left 39 men
stranded
• Returned to Spain without a new route to Asia
, no spices/ valuable goods
• 4th voyage ship rotted out below him and was
stranded for a year in Jamaica.
Columbus Reward
• King of Spain made him governor of Santo
Domingo
• Ruled like a ruthless King
• He was replaced and arrested in Spain.
Ferdinand Magellan
• First to sail around the world
Magellan
• Born in Portugal
• Studied Mapmaking and navigation
• Financed (1590 ) King Charles V of Spain to
circle the globe to prove that the earth was
round.
• Studied the mistakes and discoveries of
Christopher Columbus with North America
and Balboa with Pacific Ocean and
• Panamanian Isthmus
Magellan cont….
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Fleet of five ships
Oct 1520 entered the Strait of Magellan
March 1522 anchored in Guam
Killed in a local war in the Philipines
Remaining crew completed the
circumnavigation of the globe . Returned to
Spain Sept 1522 under the guidance of Del
cano.
James Cook
James Cook
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English
First to make scientific observations
A full time Naturalist was on board the ships
3 voyages explored all the oceans.
First to see the Antarctic Ice Field..
He Landed in Hawaii, New Zealand, Tahiti and
other Pacific Islands.
Other Firsts
Use a chronometer ( time piece) to determine
his longitude and prepare accurate charts.
Reshaped the European conception of the
world.
Collected Samples of organisms and plants
Killed in a fight in Hawaii with some natives
Charles Darwin
Darwin Continued….
• Englishmen
• He h ad extensive interest in the study of
Barnacles
• Sailed on the HMS Beagle for five years.
• Proposed the Theory of Evolution by Natural
Selection and Adaptation
• In 1859 , he published “On the Origin of Species”
• His College Professor Henslow recommended him
as a Naturalist position on the Beagle.
• Explain how Atolls were formed.
Darwin Continue….
• He collected a variety o f specimens ( birds,
plants and fossils.)
• He did experimentation and research
experiencing botany, geology, and zoology.
• The Galapagos islands were of prime interest.
As was South America.
• On his return , he began to develop his theory
of evolution from his writings.
United States Exploration Voyages
• United States Exploring Expedition of 18381842 also known as the “Wilkes Expedition
• Naturalists and Artists ( Clam diggers)
• The Voyage was more of projecting American
influence than scientific discovery.
• Leader Charles Wilkes
Wilke’s Accomplishments
• Charted 1,500 miles of the coast of Antarctica
• Confirms Antarctica is a continent.
• Mapped the coast of the Pacific Northwest of
North America
• Explored 280 Islands in the South Pacific
• Collected 2000 unknown species
• First international survey sponsored by the U.S.
• Laid the foundation for gov’t funding for scientific
research
Edward Forbes
• Carried out extensive dredging of the ocean
floor.
• He dredged around Britain ,in the Aegean sea
and the Mediterranean Sea
• Accomplishments: discovered unknown
organisms.
• Realized that the ocean varied in depths
Forbes Continued…..
• Britain, Germany, Scandinavia and France
continued the study of the ocean floor.
• This lead to the funding of the Challenger
Expedition
Forbes
• He Published two books based on his interest
in the littoral zone of the oceans.
• The British History of Starfishes and The
British History of Mollusca.
Challenger Expedition
H.M. S. Challenger
• Financially supported by the British
Government.
• Leader: Charles Wyville Thompson
Crew of the Challenger
Modern Oceanography began…..
• 1872-1876 3.5 years
• Originally organized specially to gather data
on a wide range of ocean features:
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temperature
marine life
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chemistry
geology of ocean floor
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currents
Ship Construction…..
• British Navy provided the war ship.
• Converted it to a lab ship with microscopes
and other scientific equipment.
• Naturalist : John Murray
• Expedition left Portsmouth England Dec. 1872
Instrument and Sampling Platform
Challenger Laboratory
Lab work
• Salinity and other chemical variable were
measured.
• James Buchanan determined that the white
slime was a precipitate of calcium sulfate
which is formed in alcohol .
• It was a white slime that came up in bottom
deposits.
Gas analysis equipment
Gas analysis ……
• Evaporating Gases could be trapped as was
carbonic acid and analyzed by chemical
titration.
• Allowed for the mapping of the ocean ‘s
chemistry through out the world
• Carbonic acid has to be analyzed soon after
the sample was collected.
Buchanan Water Sampler
Bottom Samplers
Customs of the people in the Azores
Diatoms
Antarctica Enchinoderms
Foraminiferas
Results Reported
• 50 volumes of Information
• 23 years to compile
• The two summary Volume devoted to the
people , costumes and scenery
• Some of the people encountered were
cannibals such as King Thacker of the Fiji
Islands
Travel Map of the Challenger
Travels of the Challenger
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From England traveled to the South Atlantic
Then around Cap e Good Hope of Africa
Then cross the Indian Ocean.
Crossed the Antarctic Circle
On to Australia and New Zealand
North to Hawaii and around the tip of South
America. To England.
Discoveries
• The Marianas Trench – deepest part of the
ocean in the Western Pacific
• Deepest sounding taken (Challenger Deep)
37,800 feet deep
First broad outline of the shape of the ocean
basin including the rise in the Atlantic Ocean
Mapping of the currents, and temperature
4,700 new species
Marine Labs
• Henri Milne Edwards and Victor Andourn - Studied the seashore at the
seashore.
• Laid the foundation of Marine Labs.
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• Stazione Zoological - First lab founded in Naples, Italy. 1872
• Founded by Anton Dohn as a private concern
• 1st, directory, German Descend, field of Biology, Darwinist
• 1982 –under control of the ministry of
• University and Scientific and Technological Research as a National
Institute,
• Introduced the “bench’ system– space rented out to universities and
governments for them to send one scientists to research with everything
provided. This system established international collaboration was
invented,
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Marine Biological Society of the United Kingdom founded in Plymouth, England.
Marine Biological Lab at Woodshole, Massachusetts: (WHOI)
· First major American marine lab. Initiated by U.S. Fish Commission. It closed! Cape
Cod, Mass. 1888.
· Center for the world's expert in cell division.
· Using polarizing light microscopy and video imagining clarifying the events of mitosis
and discovering the spindle fibers .
· 1980’s the first class of proteins (cyclin) that regulated the cycle of cell division
· Cornerstone Institution in the Encylopedia of Life (EOL) project a global initiative to
electronically document all 1.8 million named species on Earth.
2nd lab opened up after another lab moved to same location from Cape Cod. Largest
Independent
Woodshole
Woods Hole MA Tour
Woods Hole studies Penguins
Hopkins Marine Station in Pacific
Grove, CA.,
Ariel View of Hopkins
Seals on the Beach at Hopkins
Hopkins in the early Days
Hopkins and Monterey Bay Aquarium
Steinbeck Books
John Steinbeck and Ed Ricketts
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Grapes of Wrath, Of Mice and Men and
East of Eden
Steinbeck had an interest in Marine Biology
Met Ed Ricketts owned Pacific Grove Biological
laboratory
Steinbeck/Ricketts cont….
• Lab was located near the Hopkins Marine
Station and the present site of the Monterey
Bay Aquarium
• Ricketts collected marine specimens and sold
them to museum and universities.
• Steinbeck gave Ricketts credit for his views on
humanity and the world.
• Ed Rciketts was a character in six books .
• The most famous was” Doc” in Cannery Row
• Steinbeck gave Ricketts credit for his views on
humanity and the world.
• Ed Ricketts was a character in six books .
• The most famous was” Doc” in Cannery Row
Hoveden Cannery 1934
Cannery Row 1947
Light house Ave 1930
Monterey Bay Aquarium
the Monterey Bay Aquarium opened on
Oct 20, 1984 on the site of a former sardine cannery
Hovden on Cannery Row of the Pacific Ocean
shoreline in Monterey Ca,
(1916-1973) It was the last cannery to close with the
collapse of sardine industry
1st in the world to grow Gaint California Kelp
Sponsored by David Packard cofounder of Hewitt and
Packard
The aquarium was built to honor the work of Ed
Ricketts
Entrance to the Aquarium
Main Lobby of Monterey Aquarium
Facing the Bay ! See the Seals in their
natural habitat
Self Contained Giant Kelp Forest
Black footed Penguin
View down the street of Cannery Row
Sand Dollars
Corals
Sea Otters habitat
• Steinbeck gave Ricketts credit for his views on
humanity and the world.
• Ed Rciketts was a character in six books .
• The most famous was” Doc” in Cannery Row
Ed Ricketts
• Published 1939 Publication
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Between Pacific Tides
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Comprehensive guide to sea life along
the Pacific coast of North America
• It was he most enduring contribution to
marine biology,
Ricketts Book
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A handbook to the
rocky shores and tide pools of the
Pacific Coast of the United States, first
published in 1939 and now in its fifth
edition. After 50 years this standard
reference still reflects Ed Ricketts'
considerable personality and
enthusiasm for tidepooling and marine
biology. Each intertidal zone is discussed
in depth, augmented by black-and-white
photographs and diagrams. Much
revised, this edition includes the original
forward by John Steinbeck and a tribute
to Ed Ricketts.
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La
Jolla, CA (SIO) 1903
Largest center for ocean and earth
science research
Scripps Dock Area
Part of the U.S.D. San Diego, CA.
Operates the R/P F.L.I.P. - open
research vessel owned by Naval
research
Manages the Deep Sea Drilling
Program. Founded 1903 - Marine
Biological Association of San Diego.
Friday Harbor Marine Lab - Friday
Harbour, Washington
• Restricted to educational use, 500 acres
campus, They do give periodic tours but some
people drive through to get a feel for the lab.
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Washington Marine Lab
Friday Harbor Dock area
Back in The Day at Friday Harbour
World War II - Effects on Marine
Biology
Sound Navigation Ranging - used in
submarine warfare - based on
underwater echoes
Sonar
• Scuba - Self Contained Underwater
Breathing Apparatus - engineered by Emile
Gagne and Jacque Cousteau.
• It allows breathing underwater with
compressed air.
• Dives are only limited to 165 feet. If you are
going to go deeper than 165 feet, you must
take an ROV.
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• ROV - Remotely Operated Vehicle - controlled from
surface
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• AUV - Autonomous Underwater Vehicle preprogrammed to their jobs independently of direct
human control
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• Automated Instrument Buoys - collect data while
drifting with the current
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• Autonomous Samplers - animals with date
packages on them that collect live data, i.e.,
temperature, currents
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• R/V FLIP - Floating Instrument Platform provides a stable platform for Research at sea
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• Satellites - capture the big picture where
hurricanes are, how big they are, where they
are going, where the eye is
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Floating Instrument Platform
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Scientific Method
Scientific Method - observations - 5 senses: Taste, Smell,
Hearing, Sight
Touch
Goal - Decision of facts about the natural world and principles
to explore those facts.
Tools - M Microscope - extend our senses.
Macroscopic - observation - visible to the naked eye
Microscopic - observation - invisible to the naked eye
Observe the part of the ocean (environment) and the organisms living
there.
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Two Ways of Thinking
· Induction - one uses separate observations to arrive to
general principles.
· Deduction - Reasoning from general principles to specific
conclusions.
Hypothes : IF “then” statement. Educated guess of what might
happen.
Experiment - stepwise process.
Data - make tables/graphs
Analyze - comparisons etc. Compare to our control experiment under standard
conditions.