250 Pre-1865
Concepts/Words/Events/Vocabulary
You need to know for the Graduation
Test in Social Studies
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
SSUSH5 The student will explain specific events and key ideas that brought about
the adoption and implementation of the United States Constitution.
a. Explain how weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation and Daniel Shays’ Rebellion
led to a call for a stronger central government.
b. Evaluate the major arguments of the anti-Federalists and Federalists during the debate
on ratification of the Constitution as put forth in The Federalist concerning form of
government, factions, checks and balances, and the power of the executive, including the
roles of Alexander Hamilton and James Madison.
c. Explain the key features of the Constitution, specifically the Great Compromise,
separation of powers (influence of Montesquieu), limited government, and the issue of
slavery.
d. Analyze how the Bill of Rights serves as a protector of individual and states’ rights.
e. Explain the importance of the Presidencies of George Washington and John Adams;
include the Whiskey Rebellion, non-intervention in Europe, and the development of
political parties (Alexander Hamilton).
SSUSH6 The student will analyze the impact of territorial expansion and population
growth and the impact of this growth in the early decades of the new nation.
a. Explain the Northwest Ordinance’s importance in the westward migration of Americans,
and on slavery, public education, and the addition of new states.
b. Describe Jefferson’s diplomacy in obtaining the Louisiana Purchase from France and
the territory’s exploration by Lewis and Clark.
c. Explain major reasons for the War of 1812 and the war’s significance on the
development of a national identity.
d. Describe the construction of the Erie Canal, the rise of New York City, and the
development of the nation’s infrastructure.
e. Describe the reasons for and importance of the Monroe Doctrine.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
SSUSH7 Students will explain the process of economic growth, its regional and
national impact in the first half of the 19th century, and the different responses to it.
a. Explain the impact of the Industrial Revolution as seen in Eli Whitney’s invention of the
cotton gin and his development of interchangeable parts for muskets.
b. Describe the westward growth of the United States; include the emerging concept of
Manifest Destiny.
c. Describe reform movements, specifically temperance, abolitionism, and public school.
d. Explain women’s efforts to gain suffrage; include Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the
Seneca Falls Conference.
e. Explain Jacksonian Democracy, expanding suffrage, the rise of popular political culture,
and the development of American nationalism.
SSUSH8 The student will explain the relationship between growing north-south
divisions and westward expansion.
a. Explain how slavery became a significant issue in American politics; include the slave
rebellion of Nat Turner and the rise of abolitionism (William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick
Douglass, and the Grimke sisters).
b. Explain the Missouri Compromise and the issue of slavery in western states and
territories.
c. Describe the Nullification Crisis and the emergence of states’ rights ideology; include the
role of John C. Calhoun and development of sectionalism.
d. Describe the war with Mexico and the Wilmot Proviso.
e. Explain how the Compromise of 1850 arose out of territorial expansion and population
growth.
• SSUSH9 The student will identify key events, issues, and
individuals relating to the causes, course, and consequences
of the Civil War.
• a. Explain the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the failure of popular
sovereignty, Dred Scott case, and John Brown’s Raid.
• b. Describe President Lincoln’s efforts to preserve the Union as
seen in his second inaugural address and the Gettysburg speech
and in his use of emergency powers, such as his decision to
suspend habeas corpus.
• c. Describe the roles of Ulysses Grant, Robert E. Lee, “Stonewall”
Jackson, William T. Sherman, and Jefferson Davis.
• d. Explain the importance of Fort Sumter, Antietam, Vicksburg,
Gettysburg, and the Battle for Atlanta and the impact of geography
on these battles.
• e. Describe the significance of the Emancipation Proclamation.
• f. Explain the importance of the growing economic disparity between
the North and the South through an examination of population,
functioning railroads, and industrial output.
1800 TO 1861
• THE USA IS GROWING LARGER,
EXPANDING WESTWARD, FUFILLING
ITS DESTINY, CHANGING
• SECTIONALISM
• DIVISION
• SLAVERY
• REFORM
• INVENTION
The Great Compromiser
• Congressman
• Author of the
Missouri
Compromise and
Compromise of
1850
Missouri Compromise
• The Missouri Compromise was an
agreement passed in 1820 between the
pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the
United States Congress
• It prohibited/forbade slavery in the former
Louisiana Territory north of the parallel
36°30' except within the boundaries of the
proposed state of Missouri
• War between the US and
Mexico from 1846 to 1848
because of the U.S.
annexation of Texas.
• Mexico claimed ownership of
Texas
• The USA won and the war
was settled by the treaty of
Guadalupe Hidalgo
• The USA got much of
Southwest America in the
treaty
• Probably fought due to
expansionist beliefs of
Americans-manifest destiny
War with
Mexico
Later
bought
this piece,
from
Mexico;
the
Gadsden
Purchase
Wilmot Proviso.
• one of first events on the long slide to secession
and Civil War which would accelerate (increase)
through the 1850s.
• The intent of the proviso, submitted by
Congressman David Wilmot, was to prevent the
introduction of slavery in any territory acquired
from Mexico.
• The proviso did not pass since it was a sneaky
attempt to ban slavery
• Led an
unsuccessful
slave revolt in
Virginia against
slave owners
• Results in the
reduction of
freedoms for all
black people in
the South
because the
Southern whites
are frightened by
the possibility that
slaves could free
themselves
through violence
Nat Turner
Kansas Nebraska Act
• act of Congress in
1854 annulling the
Missouri Compromise,
• provides for the
organization of the
territories of Kansas
and Nebraska
• Permitted these
territories selfdetermination through
voting on the question
of slavery.
Compromise of 1850
Had four parts
• first, California was allowed to enter the Union as a free
state;
• second, the rest of the Mexican Cession was divided into
territories (in each territory, voters would decide the
slavery question according to popular sovereignty);
• third, the slave trade was ended in Washington, D.C.,
the nation’s capitol (Congress, however, declared that it
had no power to ban the slave trade between slave
states;
• fourth, a strict new fugitive slave law was passed.
The Issue of Escaped Slaves
Fugitive Slave Law of 1850
• law that required state
officials to capture runaway
slaves and return them to
their owners.
– Unpopular with the
abolitionists.
– Several attempts made to
free captured runaway
slaves.
– U.S. army needed to enforce
in Northern states.
Underground railroad
• Route and system of
safe houses that
escaped slaves took
to
escape slavery, their
masters and the slave
states
Harriet
Tubman
• Conductor on
the
Underground
railroad
• Black woman
who helped
slaves escape
Kansas-Nebraska Act
• Both states were
allowed to decide by
voting if they wanted
to be slave or free
states
• Showed failure of
popular sovereignty
because voting was
corrupt and violence
high
• Led to nickname
“Bleeding Kansas”
Popular Sovereignty
• The people rule
• Belief that the state is created
by the will or consent of its
people, who are the source of
all political power.
• In U.S. history, doctrine under
which the status of slavery in
the territories was to be
determined by the settlers
themselves.
John Brown
• Abolitionist and
fanatic who
opposed spread
of slavery
violently
• Led raid on
Harper’s Ferry
Arsenal
• Caught and hung
DRED SCOTT
• Supreme Court
decision.
• Dred Scott
•
Supreme Court says:
1. Slaves are not citizens
of the U.S., and
therefore cannot sue for
freedom.
2. Missouri Compromise
was unconstitutional
and Congress did not
have authority to dictate
slave issue.
– Slave taken from slave
state Missouri to free
territory Wisconsin and
back.
• Question of whether
Scott was made free
with the move?
•
•
North devastated.
South ecstatic.
Explain the relationship between growing
north-south divisions and westward
expansion.
Sectionalism
• Growing North and South
differences
• Lack of understanding
between the two
• Growing Federal power
• Different needs
• Geography and distance
make communication
harder
Manifest destiny
• People moving west
• USA expanding
• Do they bring slavery with
them or not?
• A country can not have
two laws so this issue
must be resolved
• South threatens to
secede if Lincoln is
elected.
• Democratic votes split
between North and
South.
• Republicans appeal to
Midwest.
• Lincoln Wins with 180
electoral votes, but only
40% of the popular
vote.
ELECTION
OF 1860
Secession
• To leave
• The South seceded
from the North and this
led to the Civil War
SECESSION
• South Carolina
secedes from the
Union after the
election.
• Followed by:
– Mississippi
– Florida
– Alabama
– Georgia
– Louisiana
– Texas
Confederation
• A loose association of something, usually
states
• The confederate states of America
alias the South or the government after the
American Revolution
Jefferson
Davis.
President of
the
Confederate
States of
America
WAR !!!!
• April 12, 1861Confederate
troops fire upon
Ft. Sumter.
• April 14, 1861Confederate
troops seize Ft.
Sumter.
• CIVIL WAR IS
ON!!!!
Fort Sumter
• Place where the Civil
War began when South
Carolina fired on the
union fort.
Civil War
• 1861-1865
• Southern states leave the United States of
America and set up the Confederate
States of America
• War
• Anaconda Plan
• Lee and Grant
• North wins
• Elected and the southern
states secede from the
union
• President during the Civil
War
• Wrote Emancipation
Proclamation Address
• Set slaves free in some
areas of the South
• Wrote Gettysburg
address
• Suspended right of
Habeas corpus
• Said “with malice towards
none and charity towards
all" in Second Inaugural
Address
• Assassinated
Abraham
Lincoln
• Where’s the body?
• The right to be
arraigned and
charged speedily after
arrest
• The right to not be
held in jail with out
knowing the charges
and having bail set or
denied
• Lincoln suspended it
due to rioters against
the Union involvement
in the Civil war. He
saw them as
dangerous to the
Union
habeas corpus
War Goals
North
• Original goal of
Lincoln was to
“Preserve the
Union.”
• As war progressed,
freeing the slaves
became a new goal.
South
• The sole purpose of
the war was for
independence from
the Union.
• Protection of land and
family.
• Fight a defensive war.
• Stay with the Union
even though they
have slavery
–
–
–
–
Missouri
Kentucky
Delaware
West Virginia
• The mountainous
counties break w/
Virginia and become
own state.
– Maryland
• Washington, DC
located here.
Border States
Ulysses Grant/ Robert Lee
• US Grant –eventually lead general of the
Northern armies
• R.E. Lee- general of the Southern armies
Northern War Strategies or
the Anaconda Plan
1. Blockade the
Confederate
coastline and cut
off supply ships.
2. Split the
Confederacy in
two and seize
control of the
Mississippi.
3. Seize the capital,
Richmond and
then drive South
and link with
Mississippi
divisions.
4. Squeeze
Antietam
• was the first major battle in the American
Civil War to take place on Northern soil.
• It was the bloodiest single-day battle in
American history
• Union barely
wins
• Battle in the
civil war that
gave General
Grant the
victory and
• control over the
Mississippi
river,
• and split the
South in two
Vicksburg
• May, 1863- General Lee
divides his troops and
surprise attacks the
Union army.
– Lee takes 12,000 men to
attack Hooker.
– Jackson takes 40,000 men
to attack the right.
• Hooker forced to
withdraw and the Union
Army is defeated. High
Point For the South!
• Jackson is shot by
“friendly fire” during the
night– dies later from the
amputation of his arm.
• Hooker fired by Lincoln.
Battle of
Chancellorsville
•
•
•
•
Turning point of the Civil War
Farthest North the South ever made it;
From here on in the North is winning
Lincoln gives his Gettysburg address
Gettysburg
• November 20, 1863
• President Lincoln
dedicates the
Gettysburg Cemetery.
• Said that the Civil War
tested whether a nation
that believed all men
were created equal
could survive.
– First indication of
changing war goals for
the North.
– Freeing of slaves is now
the number one concern
Gettysburg
Address
EMANCIPATION
PROCLAMATION
• Lincoln declared the
slaves free in
Confederate slave
states
• 1862
• Made the Civil War
about slavery and
helped insure that
Europe would not
come to the aid of the
South
Union General William T. Sherman
• Sherman wages total war
in Atlanta and takes it.
• From there he marches
to Savannah
to use the port to resupply from Union ships
• Called the “March to the
Sea”
• Destroys everything
along his path
•
Grant’s terms of
surrender
1. Troops could
return home.
2. Troops
surrendered their
weapons. Officers
could keep theirs.
3. Troops with horses
could keep them
and use on their
farms.
Appomattox
Courthouse
Why did the North win and the
South lose?
What resources could
the North rely on?
1. Total population of 22 million people in 24 states to
draw upon.
•
South only has 9 million in 11 states. (3.5 million were slaves.)
2. Various economic resources
•
•
“The Industrial North”- coal, gold, salt, iron, etc.
South has only one foundry and few factories
3. Transportation
•
•
Majority of the railroad lines located in the North.
Easy to carry troops and food.
4. Banks - North has most of the banks and money.
Nation’s gold in the Union. South’s wealth tied up in
land and slaves
The south had 3 resources to rely
on
1. Defensive War- South only had
to defend a territory a bit larger
than Western Europe, not take it
back.
2. West Point graduates- Top
military graduates from the
school were originally from the
South.
3. “King Cotton”- belief that France
and Great Britain would aid in
exchange for cotton. They did not
due to the slavery issue.
Armies of the North
and South
South
• Did not begin the war
with a standing army as
the North did
• No Navy
• Became so desperate
for soldiers that actually
promised slaves
freedom if they would
serve.
North
• Had the military
including the Navy
• More than enough
men to fight due to
large population and
more immigrants
coming every day
Finances
North
• Tariffs
• Income Tax
• Paper money backed
by the gold
• War bonds
• Banks
South
• Value of the Southern
dollar declines
because $1 bill. is
printed with promise
of gold return. No
gold.
– 1865 Confederate
dollar is worth 1.6
cents in gold.
– Gross inflation and
eventually
starvation
Industry
North
• Many more factories
and foundries
• Inflation never got out
of hand because
Northern industry
could supply all the
material demands..
• Repeating rifle
invented
• Many railroad
branches
South
• Union blockade ruins
Southern industry.
– Creates a shortage of
goods and high prices.
• No serious lack of
food, but no railroads
to transport the food
to the troops.
• Branch rail lines torn
up to repair main
lines.
Role of Geography
• Slavery is only profitable in flat fertile
agricultural areas .
• Industry profitable where there are
steeply inclined rivers and water power
• South is a nation split buy a river which
makes it harder to keep the
Confederacy together and supplied
• Insufficient rivers in South that can
help supply troops or make water
power for factories
• Coastline is easy to blockade in South,
Not many places for a large ship to hide
•Many cities close to the coast. Easy to access
and bomb
•Insufficient forests to build a navy in the South
even if there had been monies
•The Anaconda plan works because of geography
•Battles are fought to take control of strategic
geographic areas such as Vicksburg ( on a bluff)
and New Orleans which control trade on the
Mississippi
•California and Washington stay out of war
because they are 1500 miles away . Maybe could
have ended sooner if they were a part.
Relax
•
•
•
•
•
•
Breathe
Count to 10
Exhale
Do this 10 times
Clench your body then relax it
Shake off the stress from the top of your head to
the ends of your fingers
• Do this 5 times
• Repeat shaking off the stress from your chest to
your toes 5 times