Chapter 10.1 and 11.3

Do Now
 How is a baby made?
 On the cellular level, draw how a baby is made. (NO PHALLIC SYMBOLS
PLEASE!)

Why does sex exist?
 Sexual reproduction creates genetic variability

Let’s Brainstorm…
 How do we get our different traits?

What is the difference between fraternal and identical twins?

Let’s define the following words…
 Meiosis :
 Sexual reproduction-production of gametes
 Gamete:
 Sex Cells (egg and sperm) haploid
 Somatic Cells:
 Body Cells - diploid

 Haploid :
 Half the chromosome number (n)
 1 of each pair of chromosomes (23)
 Diploid :
 2 of each type of chromosome (2n)
 Twice the haploid number
 Fertilization :
 Sperm enters egg
 Zygote :
 Fertilized egg (diploid)

Chromosomes and Chromosome
Number
 Human body cells have 46 chromosomes
 Each parent contributes 23 chromosomes
 Homologous chromosomes —one of two paired chromosomes, one from each parent

Karyotype

Homologous Chromosomes
 Same length
 Same centromere position
 Carry genes that control the same inherited traits

Meiosis
 The sexual life cycle in animals involves meiosis
 Meiosis produces gametes.
 When gametes combine in fertilization, the number of chromosomes is restored.

Cell Cycle
DNA
Replication
Growth
Division
2N 2N
N N N N
Mitosis
Meiosis
Prepare
2N

Do Now
 Label A, B, and C
 (Hint same size, same shape…)

Meiosis
 2 Division
 Meiosis I (separation of homologous chromosomes)
 Meiosis II (separation of sister chromatids)

Interphase
 Same as Mitosis (G1, S, G2)
 DNAChromatin
 Centrioleslocated near the nucleus

Prophase I
 Pairing of homologous chromosomes occurs. (Synapsis)
 Each chromosome consists of two chromatids.
 The nuclear envelope breaks down.
 Spindles form

Prophase I (cont.)
 Crossing over produces exchange of genetic information.
 Crossing over —chromosomal segments are exchanged between a pair of homologous chromosomes.

Metaphase I
 Chromosome centromeres attach to spindle fibers
 Homologous chromosomes line up at the equator.

Anaphase I
 Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles

Telophase I
 The spindles break down.
 Chromosomes uncoil and form two nuclei.
 The cell divides.

Prophase II
 A second set of phases begins as the spindle apparatus forms and the chromosomes condense.

Metaphase II
 A haploid number of chromosomes line of at the equator
 Sister chromatids line up

Anaphase II
 The sister chromatids are pulled apart at the centromere by spindle fibers
 Move toward the opposite poles of the cell.

Telophase II
The chromosomes reach the poles, and the nuclear membrane and nuclei reform.

Cytokinesis
 Cytokinesis results in four haploid cells
 Each with n number of chromosomes.

Genetic Variability
 Depending on how the chromosomes line up at the equator, four gametes with four different combinations of chromosomes can result.
 Genetic variation also is produced during crossing over and during fertilization, when gametes randomly combine.

Genetic Variability Animation
 http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/ chapter12/animations.html#

Do Now: Label the phases of meiosis

Do Now – Period 3
 How many autosomes?
 How many sex chromosomes?
 What is the sex of this patient?
 Monosomy,
Trisomy?
 Is this individual normal?


Think – Pair - Share
Draw out the stages of meiosis using the following cell. Make sure you draw the cell with crossing over of only one pair of homologous chromosomes! (use colored pencils)

Do Now: Label the phases of meiosis


Do Now
Match the description to the phase of meiosis.
1. Sister Chromatids are pulled apart. _____
2. Homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell._____
3. 2 daughter cells are formed ____
A. Prophase I
B. Metaphase I
C. Telophase I
4. Nuclear membrane disappears__ D. Anaphase II
5. Nuclear membrane reforms around 4 cells ____
6. Homologous chromosomes are pulled apart ____
E. Anaphase I
F. Telophase II

Review
 How does meiosis promote genetic variability? List 3 reasons why.

Review Spermatogenesis and oogenesis

Do Now
 If a hamster has 44 chromosomes in G1 phase of the cell cycle, then…
 How many chromatids are in G2 Phase?
 How many chromosomes are in the G2
Phase?
 How many chromosomes will be in each cell after it has gone through mitosis?

Do Now
 What two divisions do your cells undergo?
 What are the differences between the two?

Animations on Meiosis
 http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/ chapter12/animations.html#