Review #4
Nationalism
John Quincy Adams
• John Quincy Adams
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Election of 1824 – 4 candidates – National Republicans
Andrew Jackson – TN wins most pop. & EV
John Q. Adams – MA
William Crawford – GA
Henry Clay KY
But no majority
Election goes to House between top 3 candidates (12th Amend.)
Crawford has stroke
Clay as Speaker of the House gets to decide election
Elects Adams & Adams names Clay as Sec. of State (Pres.
platform position) = CORRUPT BARGAIN
• Corrupt Bargain
 Jackson resigns from Senate-spends next 4 years campaigning
Voting rights…
• Land ownership and democracy
 eliminated Land requirement
 Universal White manhood Suffrage (21 yrs old)
 increased voter turnout to 80% - 1840
• expansion of democracy
 Universal white manhood suffrage expands democracy
 Nominating committees also start which allows for more participation.
 Anti-Masons introduce Nominating Conventions - 1831
• King Caucus
 Where the people vote for the people who vote for the people who vote for
the Pres.
 Democracy was becoming cool & elitists not so much
• Alexis de Tocqueville
 French “Democracy in America”
 Comes over and sees how we do democracy and writes book.
 Brings global attention to American Democracy
A. Jackson
• Jacksonian Democrats (common man) Whigs (Pro-Business) fought over Nat’l Bank,
• Jacksonian Democrats claimed what principles
 nullification, Jackson against, Jeffersonian democracy, states’ rights, pro-wealthy,
strong central government only to help the country
• King Andrew I cartoon
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Whigs emerged from Nat’l Republicans (Good Feelings) as against King Andrew
• Jackson advocated which
 states rights, nullification, Indian rights, rotation of civil government jobs,
federal improvement must effect all states to use Fed. $$
• Jackson did all of the following
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Moved Indians, Killed Bank, Force Bill (use troops to ensure acts of Congress are followed), ends nullification
crisis
• Spoils system–what was it?
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Jackson insisted best way to avoid corruption
Whigs
• Whig party ideals
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Old Federalists
Pro-Business & wealthy
Internal Improvements (Clay’s American system)
Strong Central Gov’t
• In New England who were Whigs
 wealthy merchants, businessmen
• Tariff of Abominations – 1828
 signed by Adams
 pressured by NE wool
 nearly resulted in Southern succession
• Nullification Crisis – pairing with speakers on, why Calhoun wanted to
nullify, Jackson’s handling of, why crisis began
– Pairings:
 Andrew Jackson – against nullification (TN)
 John C. Calhoun, VP – for nullification (SC)
 Henry Clay – Great Compromiser – Compromise of 1833 – lowered Tariff annually until
it reached 1816 level
• Calhoun’s theory
 SC leads way rest of South will follow
 didn’t happen
• Daniel Webster (MA) - Robert Hayne (SC) debate
 Senate debate over States Rights vs. National Rights
• Clay’s Compromise tariff
 Compromise of 1833
 lowered Tariff annually until it reached 1816 level
A.J. more issues…
• Peggy Eaton
 wife of Sec. War John Eaton
 liked by Jackson but shunned by Cabinet members wives
(including Calhoun’s) because she had been a bar maid
 led Jackson to reorganize his cabinet & shift favor from
Calhoun to Van Buren who was pro-Eaton
 Calhoun went back to SC and later led movement for pro
states rights, pro slavery and pro secession
• Specie Circular
 signed by Jackson, 1835
 Land must be purchased in Specie
 to stop land speculation (responsible for Panic of 1819
Era of the Common Man
• Bank War
– 2nd Bank of the US-why destroy?
 Helped only elite
– How destroy?
 Put Gov’t $$ in Pet Banks
• Why did Jackson want to destroy?
 It only helped the elite
 Jackson lost $$ in Panic of 1819
• Greatest immediate effect of getting rid of Bank
 Credit was easier to get from pet banks that were competeing
with each other and the National bank
 more credit speculations
 banks issues notes
 beginning of RR speculation
• Pet Banks
Era of the Common Man
 Individual banks that aided the Democrats
• Causes of ndPanic of 1837
 Demise of 2 Bank
 Land speculation
 land on credit
• Independent Treasury System
 1836-Van Buren Gov’t Piggy Bank
 Going to operate similar to the National Bank and take in investments
 Another government bank not supposed to be political and it is supposed to look out
for the interests of everybody
 pay bills
• Frontier of 1830-40 – which not part of?
 Lexington (KY), Cincinnati, Denver, New Orleans, St. Louis
• Importance of 1840 election
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Between W.H. Harrison & Van Buren
(blamed for Panic 1837)
*Beginning of string of War Heroes,
1st modern campaign
1830 - REFORMS (education, women, abolition, prison)
• Education reform
 who -Horrace Mann
 what Standardization of education, McGruff Readers (A-Adam, B-Bible, DDemocracy)
 teacher ed., where MA
• Second Great Awakening
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how Tent meetings (fields),
deists (Intellectual) disagreed with the Second GA
Said it was too emotional and breaking away from traditional religion
Charles Finney (major speaker)
social issues of new religions appealed to poor class [Mormons, Millerites (7th Day
Adventists), Shakers-celibate ones]
• Unitarianism
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Believed in a moral authority
Not necessarily with the Diety of Jesus
Deists in church (intellectuals in NE)
Kids – transcendentalists
• Utopians
 Brook Farm and Oneida = perfectionism
1830 - REFORMS (education, women, abolition, prison)
• Early 1800s feminists and their goals/Women of 19th century
 supported what = legal rights (own property)
• Which movement were most antebellum women involved in?
 pacifism, temperance, women’s suffrage, workers’ rights, immigrants
• Seneca Falls Convention
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1848-started in abolitionist mvmt. – “Women & Men”
Lucretia Mott & Elizabeth Cady Stanton
started Women’s movement
Declaration of Sentiments
• Legal status of women in early 1800s
 Did not have a legal status
• Struggle for right to vote
 started with abolitionist
• If you ever see a quote from Lucretia Mott
 Think women’s rights, Seneca Falls
 dealing with abolitionist & voting rights, suffrage
1830 - REFORMS (education, women, abolition, prison)
• American Colonization Society
 Manumission – send to Africa
 started Liberia
• Abolitionism
 = wide feminist support
 goals abolish slavery
 why broke into factions? Rise of
middle & upper class
• Gag Rule
 Late 1830s
 no talk of abolition in Congress
 J. Q. Adams eliminates
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William Lloyd Garrison
 leading white abolitionist 1830s
 called for immediate & uncompensated
emancipation of slaves
 view from blacks point of view Liberator
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Frederick Douglass
 escaped slave
 abolitionist speaker
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Dorothea Dix – what reform wanted?
 Care for insane & prison reform
• Reformers incorrectly paired with their
reform
 D. Dix insane
 H.B. Stowe abolition,
 L. Mott women’s rights,
 Brigham Young abolition
1830 - REFORMS (education, women, abolition, prison)
• Cult of domesticity (woman’s sphere)
 1830s –moving into new sphere
 (keeper of home, decorator…)
• home as refuge v. workplace change
 not like Slater’s shop
 (pix kids playing & parents at table)
 home is a break from the workplace and as refuge
• antebellum cities
 places of business
Art
• American art
 = nationalism
 Pro-America
• Hudson River School of Art
 what painted landscapes, people
• Antebellum art was
 expressionism dark colors, existentialism literature,
Romanticism literature & art, or pragmatism practicality?
Literature
• James Fenimore Cooper
 1st to use frontier in writing – Last of Mohicans
• Cooper’s writing had
 = American characters
• list of writers – Who was the poet laureate living King of all poets?
 Wheatley, Thoreau, Emerson, Poe, Whitman?
• Authors paired with works
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Melville – Moby Dick, Billy Budd
Whitman – Leaves of Grass
Poe – Raven / House of Usher
Cooper - Last of Mohicans
Hawthorne – Scarlet Letter
Thoreau – Walden / Civil Disobedience
Emerson – American Scholar
• Nationalistic movement of literature
 American themes / ideas
Transcendentalist
• Emerson = transcendentalist
 effect – Encourage Arts to celebrate America
• Transcendentalists
 inspired by nature
 group of ideas in literature as a protest against the general state of
culture in particular the state of intellectualism.
 Believed that spirituality that transcends the physical and empirical
and is realized through a person’s intellect.
 define Intellect mvmt , beliefs,
 who the main people Thoreau, Emerson,
 not a movement for teaching lower class not a social mvmt
• Thoreau and Civil Disobedience
 passive protests (don’t pay taxes to protest war)
South/Slavery
• Why didn’t South have diversified economy?
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making good $$ on cotton
no laboring class
Slaves not allowed in factories
could lead to independence
• J.D.B. DeBow
 = wrote about South needed to industrialize
 H. Helper not the only one saying this
• Slaves in coming to America lost?
 Freedom, culture, language, religion
• How did free blacks gain their freedom
 bought it, given, heroic act
• Slaves from VA sold to southwest
 AL, LA, MS
 why-cotton – get high price
• How did cotton gin effect South
 needed more slaves –
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South/Slavery
WHY DID SLAVERY INCREASE IN EARLY 1800s?
 Cotton Gin
• Who was South’s major trading partner before Civil War
 British
• Slave trade increased in U.S.
 b/c = cotton market increased
 Not b/c they were easier to buy
• Nature of slavery – its effects on blacks
 denial of freedoms
 effect on whites lazy (Hinton Helper) enslave people
• Slave owners
 25% owned
 large plantations rare,
 most owned 0 slaves
• Price of slaves
 1860-$1800 male teen
 $100 baby and effect of price
 encouraged to marry & “be happy”
South/Slavery
• Nature of slave family
 extended family dependence
• Were slaves a good investment?
 No – Sharecroppers usually better
• Hinton Helper – The Impending Crisis of the South
 Slavery ruined economy
• Southern justification for slavery = apologists
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History, Religious (Cain)
Jesus never said not to
Naturally inferior
Wage slaves worse off
South/Slavery
• Why condone slavery
 it was their way of life - necessary
• How did slaves increase in number after end of foreign trade
 reproduction
• Ways slaves resisted
 Rebellion (rare)
 Run away, passive
• Importance of negro spirituals
 kept comfort – “happy slaves?”
• Nat Turner
 Led a successful rebellion (killed whites)
 Hanged with a bunch (30 convicted and 18 hanged)
 Virgina
South
• Before Civil War most white males in South were
 tenants, yeoman, plantation owners, factory workers
• What is a yeoman?
 Subsistent farmer, owns land
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__ 1___the Clermont sailed
___1807_____
___2__end to foreign importation of slaves __1808___
___7__Force Bill
__1833____
___6__The Liberator 1st published
__1831___
___8__ Seneca Falls Convention
___1848___
___4__SC Exposition & Protest nullification issued __1828__
___3__Tariff of Abominations
_1828___
___5__Nat Turner’s Revolt
__1831____