Chapter 9 –Economic Transformation, 1820-1860
❏ “Benevolent Empire”- 19th century religious reform movement that sought to
Christianize the U.S through Protestantism
1820
❏ Market Revolution- term used to describe the economic growth that occurred
in 19th century U.S. canals and roads connected distant communities
1820-1850
❏ (completed) Erie Canal- One of the expansive canals that the U.S.
government chartered and used for collecting taxes. Connected east coast to
midwest
1825
❏ Working Men’s Party- Artisans and workers who sought suffrage and equal
wealth distribution
1828
❏ Temperance movement-social movement against alcoholic drinks
1830s
❏ Nativism -Response to European immigration into the United States, idea that
sought to protect rights and superiority of native-born Americans 1830s
❏ Labor Theory of Value- economic value of the service is determined by the
labor included
1830
❏ unions & blacklists -During industrial times, workers joined unions to protect
from superiority
1835
Chapter 10 –A Democratic Revolution 1820-1844
❏ Anti-Masonic Party- “third-party” at the time that opposed freemasonry
1820s-1830s
❏ Election of 1824 (“Corrupt Bargain”)-John Quincy Adams election was called a
corrupt bargain because he did not receive the majority of electoral vote,
Andrew Jackson did.
1824
❏ Clay’s American system- internal improvements, protective tariffs and a
national bank.
1825
❏ Tariff of “Abominations”- tariff that was enacted to protect the Northern
industries, south was angered
1828
❏ Nicholas Biddle & the “Bank War”- Wanted Henry Clay and Jackson admin. to
renew charter for the National Bank
1832
❏ Jackson’s “Pet Banks”- Jackson redistributed all funds from the Second
National Bank to state banks
1832
❏ The Taney Court- Taney was lead justice, held positive beliefs about slavery
and states rights
1835
❏
Martin Van Buren-8th president of the united states, blocked annexation of
Texas and liked National banks
1836
Chapter 11: Antebellum Religion & Reform, 1820-1860
❏ Second Great Awakening -social and religious moral reformation
that emphasized benevolence and personal conduct
1820s
❏ George Whitefield- English-American cleric, helped spread the
Great Awakening in Britain and in the American colonies. 1820s
❏ Abolitionist Strategies- unite groups of like-minded individuals to
fight as a body / political lobbying instead of moral persuasion /
underground railroad / the press / some violence
1827
❏ Mormons-Book of Mormon printed in 1830, Joseph Smith led
religion that allowed polygamy to Utah. Brigham Young led
Mormons against adversity
1830
❏ Nativism- policy of protecting the interests of native-born or
established inhabitants against those of immigrants; response to
Scots-Irish immigration
1830
❏ Nat Turner’s Rebellion- slave rebellion, Virginia, led by Turner, rebel
slaves killed 55-65 people, highest # of fatalities caused by any
slave uprising.
1831
❏ Ralph Waldo Emerson- American essayist, lecturer, poet, led the
Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century. 1832, 1837
❏ William Lloyd Garrison-Abolitionist- abolitionist, journalist, suffragist,
social reformer, editor of The Liberator (abolitionist newspaper), one
founder of American Anti-Slavery Society, also a prominent voice
for the woman suffrage movement.
1833
❏ American Anti-Slavery Society- abolitionist society founded by
William Lloyd Garrison and Arthur Tappan.
1833
❏ “Gag” Rule- strict rule passed by pro-southern Congressmen in
1836 to prohibit all discussion of slavery in the House of
Representatives.
1836
❏ Transcendentalism- philosophical movement, eastern US, belief in
inherent goodness of both people and nature, opposition to ideas of
man, believed that society (i.e. organized religion and political
parties) ultimately corrupted the purity of the individual.
1837
Chapter 12: The South Expands: Slavery & Society, 1800-1860
❏ Internal Slave Trade- trade of slaves within the US, reallocated
slaves across states, primarily from Old South to Deep South and
West.
1810s
❏ King Cotton- strategy used by Confederacy during Civil War: control
over cotton exports would make Confederacy economically
prosperous, ruin the textile industry of New England, and force
Great Britain & France to support the Confederacy militarily
because their industrial economies depended on Southern cotton.
(**King Cotton failed).
1830s
❏ Southern Defenses of Slavery- slaves were inferior and slavery was
good for them / slaves had better working conditions than northern
factory workers / slavery was the path to economic prosperity / the
north was a “parasite,” criticizing slavery but living off of it.
1830s
❏ gang-labor system- division of labor within slavery on a plantation,
more brutal of two main types of labor systems, allowed continuous
work at the same pace throughout the day, never letting up or
slowing down. Three gangs: one for the hardest and most ablebodied workers, one with a medium workload, one that was the
easiest.
1820s
❏ Texas Annexation –
1845