BLOOD
PHLEBOTOMIST
person trained to
draw blood from a
patient for clinical
or medical testing,
transfusions,
donations, or
research.
Blood transports
substances and maintains
homeostasis in the body
Hematophobia
= fear of blood
Blood and Blood Cells
Blood is a type of CONNECTIVE TISSUE
It has two basic components:
CELLS (rbc, wbc, platelets) = 45%
Plasma (water, proteins, amino acids..etc) = 55%
To determine the
percentages, blood
is placed in a
centrifuge. Heavier
cells settle to the
bottom of the
sample.
Hematocrit blood cells = 45%.
fluid (plasma) = (55%).
Three Types of Blood Cells
erythrocytes = red blood cells
leukocytes = white blood cells
thrombocytes= platelets
Shape =
Biconcave discs
5 million per
cubic millimeter
Red blood cells lack a NUCLEUS
They do not divide on their own.
HEMATOPOEISIS
– formation of blood cells
-- occurs in the bone marrow
Old blood cells are destroyed by the
liver & spleen - phagocytosis
EPO, or erythropoietin, is a hormone that
increases production of RBC’s.
In the first part of a twonight interview
broadcast Thursday,
disgraced cyclist Lance
Armstrong admitted to
Oprah Winfrey that he
took banned
substances, including
EPO, during all seven
of his Tour de France
victories.
What is EPO? (Gizmodo Article)
Main Functions of RBCs
Transports oxygen,
remove carbon dioxide
HEMOGLOBIN - molecule that combines
with O2
IRON is critical to synthesize hemoglobin
Oxygen Levels
Oxyhemoglobin =
plenty of oxygen; “bright red”
Deoxyhemoglobin =
low in O2, “dark red”
It is a myth that deoxygenated blood appears blue.
The blood on the left is oxygenated, the right is
deoxygenated blood (from a vein)
Source: Wikipedia Commons
Elements Critical to RBC Production
●Folic Acid
●Vitamin B12
●Iron
Too few RBC = anemia
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
(Leukocytes)
●General function is to protect the body
against disease
●There are FIVE different kinds of WBCs
Granulocytes (granular cytoplasm)
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
Agranulocytes (lacking granular cytoplasm)
Monocytes, Lymphocytes
The white blood cells are found within the red blood cells, there are
not as many WBC’s and generally, they are larger than RBC’s.
Neutrophil
(nucleus has several lobes)
Active phagocytes
60% of WBC
Present in the pus of
wounds
Eosinophil
Mainly
attack
parasites
2% WBC
Basophil
Produces
Heparin = blood
thinner
Histamines =
Important in
Inflammatory
Reaction
Writing on Legs
1% WBC
Monocyte
(larger cell, horseshoe shaped nucleus)
Become macrophages
6% of wbc’s
Lymphocyte
(nucleus is dark and takes up almost
whole cell; almost no cytoplasm seen)
Main defense (immune
system)
Produce Antibodies
30% WBC
Left: Lymphoctye | Right: Neutrophil
Platelets (thrombocytes)
Blood clots and vessel
repair
PLASMA
The liquid portion of
blood is 92% water
Also contains
nutrients, gases,
vitamins (etc) and
plasma proteins
Plasma Proteins
●Albumins – blood pressure
●Globulins – transport lipids and antibodies
for immunity
●Fibrinogen – important for blood clotting
This machine removes the plasma from the
blood and returns the RBC’s to the donor.
HEMOSTASIS
The process of stopping bleeding
Involves the coagulation and clotting of the
blood to seal the site of damage
THREE EVENTS IN HEMOSTASIS
1. Blood Vessel Spasm
Seratonin = vasoconstrictor
2. Platelet plug formation
= plugs opening
3. Blood coagulation
conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
*thrombin is an
enzyme that causes
the conversion
Hemostasis
COAGULATION - the thickening of blood to
form a clot (hematoma)
THROMBUS – blood
clot (abnormal)
EMBOLUS – when
the clot moves to
another place.
What is DVT?
Video: Deep Vein Thrombosis