Digital Library as Infrastructure for
Knowledge Management in
Academic and Research Institutions:
Open Archives Initiative and
Educational Demonstrations
(NDLTD, CITIDEL/NSDL)
Amigos 2002
February 21, 2002
Edward A. Fox
fox@vt.edu http://fox.cs.vt.edu
CS
DLRL
Internet TIC
Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
Comunicación del
conocimiento
basada en la
tecnologia de la información
Amigos 2002
February 21, 2002
Eduardo Zorro
fox@vt.edu
Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
Acknowledgements (Selected)
• Sponsors: Adobe, CNPq, CONACyT, DFG, IBM,
Microsoft, NSF, OCLC, SOLINET, SURA,
UNESCO, US Dept. of Ed. (FIPSE), …
• VT Faculty/Staff: Tony Atkins, Debra Dudley, John
Eaton, Gail McMillan, Len Peters, James Powell, …
• VT Students: Emilio Arce, Fernando Das Neves, Robert
France, Marcos Goncalves, Rohit Kelapure, Neill Kipp,
Aaron Krowne, Ming Luo, Paul Mather, Kate McDevitt,
Ryan Richardson, Rao Shen, Priya Shivakumar, Arthi
Sundararajan, Hussein Suleman, Jun Wang, Wensi Xi, Ye
Zhou, Qinwei Zhu, …
Overview
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Purpose: Scholarship / Knowledge Management
Goals: Discovery of Knowledge, Scholarly Communication
Objectives: Learning, Advancing Knowledge, Sharing
Mechanisms: Electronic Publishing, Digital Libraries
Digital Libraries: Content Mgmnt , Workflow Mgmnt
Distributed DLs: Open Archives Initiative, Open DLs
Examples: NDLTD, NSDL, CITIDEL
• Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations
• National STEM education Digital Library
• Computing and Information Technology Interactive Digital
Educational Library
Synchronous
Scholarly Communication
Asynchronous, Digital Library
Mediated Scholarly Communication
Information
Life
Cycle
Borgman et al.:
Workshop Report on
Social Aspects of
Digital Libraries:
http://www-lis.gseis.
ucla.edu/DL/
Information Life Cycle
Authoring
Modifying
Using
Creating
Retention
/ Mining
Organizing
Indexing
Accessing
Filtering
Storing
Retrieving
Distributing
Networking
Overview - DL
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•
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Purpose: Scholarship / Knowledge Management
Goals: Discovery of Knowledge, Scholarly Communication
Objectives: Learning, Advancing Knowledge, Sharing
Mechanisms: Electronic Publishing,
Digital Libraries
• Digital Libraries: Content Mgmnt , Workflow Mgmnt
• Distributed DLs: Open Archives Initiative, Open DLs
• Examples: NDLTD, NSDL, CITIDEL
Digital Library Courseware
• http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~dlib/
• WWW pages or large PDF copy files
• Online quizzes based on book by Michael Lesk
(Morgan Kaufmann Publishers; new one in June
by Ian Witten too!)
• Contents based on book, with several other
popular topics added (e.g., agents)
• Separate pages to supplement: Definitions,
Resources (People, Projects), and References
Digital Libraries --- Objectives
• World Lit.: 24hr / 7day / from desktop
• Integrated “super” information systems -> 5S:
streams, structures, spaces, scenarios, societies
• Ubiquitous, Higher Quality, Lower Cost
• Education, Knowledge Sharing, Discovery
• Disintermediation -> Collaboration
• Universities Reclaim Property
• Interactive Courseware, Student Works
• Scalable, Sustainable, Usable, Useful
Benefits
• Ease of use
• Effectiveness
• “The benefits of digital libraries will not be
appreciated unless they are easy to use
effectively.” - IITA Workshop report
DLs: Why of Global Interest?
• National projects can preserve antiquities and
heritage: cultural, historical, linguistic, scholarly
• Knowledge and information are essential to
economic and technological growth, education
• DL - a domain for international collaboration
•
•
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•
wherein all can contribute and benefit
which leverages investment in networking
which provides useful content on Internet & WWW
which will tie nations and peoples together more
strongly and through deeper understanding
Libraries of the Future
JCR Licklider, 1965, MIT Press
World
Nation
State
City
Community
DL Challenges
• Preservation - so people with trust DLs
• Supporting infrastructure - networks, ...
• Scalability, sustainability, interoperability
• DL industry - critical mass by covering libraries,
archives, museums, corporate info, govt info,
personal info - “quality WWW” integrating IR,
HT, MM, ...
• Need tools & methods to make them easier to build
Communications
(bandwidth, connectivity)
Locating Digital Libraries in Computing and
Communications Technology Space
Digital Libraries
technology
trajectory: intellectual
access to globally
distributed information
Computing (flops)
Digital content
less
more
(Slide from S. Griffin, NSF)
Service
Machine 1
Service
PetaPlex Complex
Service
Machine 2
Nanoserver
FRONT END MACHINE
RS/6000, 1G RAM, 4 Proc.
Machine 3
Service
Machine 4
Nanoserver
Nanoserver Nanoserver Nanoserver Nanoserver
Nanoserver Nanoserver Nanoserver Nanoserver
Nanoserver Nanoserver Nanoserver Nanoserver
Definitions
• Library ++ (library+archive+museum+…)
• Distributed information system + organization
+ effective interface
• User community + collection + services
• Digital objects, repositories, IPR management,
handles, indexes, federated search, hyperbase,
annotation
Reading Book Abstract
Definition: Digital Libraries
are complex systems that
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help satisfy info needs of users (societies)
provide info services (scenarios)
organize info in usable ways (structures)
present info in usable ways (spaces)
communicate info with users (streams)
5S Layers
Societies
Scenarios
Spaces
Structures
Streams
DL Components
Gateways
MM/ HT Renderer
User Interfaces
Workflow Mgr
Search Engines, Classifiers, …
DBMS
Rights Mgr
Data, MM Info
Repository
Open Digital Library (ODL)
Hypothesis (Hussein Suleman)
• Can we leverage the successful model of the OAI
Protocol for Metadata Harvesting to alleviate our
architectural problems ?
Maybe … if
Digital Libraries can be modeled as
• networks of extended Open Archives, where
• each extended Open Archive is a
• source of data and/or a provider of services.
Proposed Solution
• (Open) DL = Network of Extended OAs
Data Input
Local Archive
Resource Discovery
Search
Browse
Recommend
Metadata Repository
legend
Remote Archive
User Interface
OAI/ODL archive
OAI/ODL protocol
Example Architecture (NDLTD)
Virginia Tech
User Interface
PhysNet
Humboldt
Search
Browse
Recent
Duisburg
CalTech
Union Catalog
MIT Filter
MIT
legend
Dresden
User Interface
OAI/ODL archive
OAI/ODL protocol
Overview - CM
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Purpose: Scholarship / Knowledge Management
Goals: Discovery of Knowledge, Scholarly Communication
Objectives: Learning, Advancing Knowledge, Sharing
Mechanisms: Electronic Publishing, Digital Libraries
• Digital Libraries: Content Mgmnt ,
Workflow Mgmnt
• Distributed DLs: Open Archives Initiative, Open DLs
• Examples: NDLTD, NSDL, CITIDEL
Digital Library Content
Content
Types
Text
Documents
Video
Audio
Geographic
Information
Software,
Programs
Bio
Information
Images and
Graphics
Articles,
Reports,
Books
Speech,
Music
(Aerial)
Photos
Models
Simulations
Genome
Human,
animal,
plant
2D, 3D,
VR,
CAT
Integrated CCLINC
Translingual Information System
DARPA
CCLINC
SERVER
Translation
It seems that North Korea launch a missile again
After North Korea launched a Daipodong missile
last month, NK is perceived to proceed to an additional
test launch. Korea, US and Japan enter into an alert
state, and prepare for a joint response policy. Korea
estimates that the additional launch will be on 09/05.
Japan estimates that NK’s missile range is short. US
information says that there is no sign of launch yet.
Structured Video Browser
(making video into hypermedia)
www.learn.umd.edu
• IBrowse
• Expository multimedia
• Narrative Structures
 MPEG-
MPEG-7 Image Library Systems Tech.
7
Image Library Systems
Users
Web Search Engines
WWW
1
5
Servlet
Servlet
3’
Servlet
4
Servlet Engine
4’
MPEG-7
Description
Module
2
5’
Web Server
Search Server
OS
3
DB
and Communication
ICU Information
University
 MPEG7
MPEG-7 Video Library Systems Tech.
Video Library Systems Tech.
Architecture
Video Data
Description Generator
Description
Scheme
Description Schemes
Design Tool
Player
Video
Database
Retrieval Server
Module
Presentation Module
Meta
Database
and Communication
ICU Information
University
How is numeric information
created, distributed, consumed?
Basic
Example
About
• enumerate founders
know numbers,
computers, and the
Web.
• They saw the Web’s
potential to solve a
big problem:
Working
with numeric
information is
too hard!
How does enumerate help?
RDL
• Value - What is the number?
• Format - $100 [in thousands]
• Semantics - How it translates or corresponds to
other formats
• Provenance – created by whom and when?
• Measure - scale about the number:
• Units: feet, meters, $, pounds, RBI
• Magnitude: thousands, millions, billions
• Modifiers: number been manipulated?
• Structure - relationship of numbers to each other
How does enumerate help?
 Capture intelligence about data
 Save data + intelligence in a file
 Transmit or store the file
 Build software to decode the file and
automate data tasks
 RXL does the same thing for analytics
The enumerate formula
enumerate’s interactive data
can be analyzed instantly
You Do It
 Numerator! Publish™
 Applications
 RDL Editor – including Applet / HTML
Tag Wizard
 DataPublisher™ Enterprise
 Views & Applets
 Standard Chart View
 Standard Table View
 Combination View
 Full Feature View
 Native XML/RDL Views
Overview – Workflow Mgmnt
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Purpose: Scholarship / Knowledge Management
Goals: Discovery of Knowledge, Scholarly Communication
Objectives: Learning, Advancing Knowledge, Sharing
Mechanisms: Electronic Publishing, Digital Libraries
Digital Libraries: Content Mgmnt ,
Workflow Mgmnt
• Distributed DLs: Open Archives Initiative, Open DLs
• Examples: NDLTD, NSDL, CITIDEL
Digital Libraries
Shorten the Chain from
Editor
Reviewer
Publisher
A&I
Consolidator
Library
DLs Shorten the Chain to
Author
Teacher
Digital
Reader
Editor
Reviewer
Learner
Librarian
Library
NDLTD Workflow
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Building Infrastructure
Authoring
Submission
Local Processing
Providing Access
Discovery and Access
Scholarship
Contact Our Project Team
Video Tape
E-mail
etd@ndltd.org
Phone Call
Visit
Convene Local Planning Group
ETD
Build Local ETD Site
ETD
Workshop/Training
Digital Library
Policies
Inspection/Approval
Student Prepares Thesis/Dissertation
NDLTD
Literature
Computer Resources
Research
Student Defends & Finalizes ETD
My Thesis
ETD
Student Gets Committee
Signatures and Submits ETD
Signed
Grad School
Graduate School Approves ETD,
Student is Graduated
Ph.D.
Library Catalogs ETD, Access is
Opened to the New Research
WWW
NDLTD
Approaches to Aggregation
Build By Institution
Build By
Discipline
Approaches to Aggregation
Build By Institution
Build By
Discipline
Author
Category
Interdisciplinary
Year
Language
Query …
User Search Support
(multilingual, XML)
NDLTD World Federated
Search
User
Interface
Virginia Tech ...
(univ)
Dissertations
Online
(Germany)
OhioLink
Portugese NL ...
(lib / univ group)
(national lib)
Australia
(regional)
OAS,
ISTEC
(Latin
America)
Note: All groups shown are connected with NDLTD.
Access Possibilities
Web
search
engines
www.
theses.
org
Virginia MIT National
Tech
Library of
Portugal
www.
library
openarchives. catalog
org
clients
CBUC
(Spain)
Ohio
Link
3rd
Party
Services
(e.g.,
UMI)
National
Projects:
AU, GE, …
Overview – OAI
• Purpose: Scholarship / Knowledge Management
• Goals: Discovery of Knowledge, Scholarly Communication
• Objectives: Learning, Advancing Knowledge, Sharing
• Mechanisms: Electronic Publishing, Digital Libraries
• Digital Libraries: Content Mgmnt , Workflow Mgmnt
• Distributed DLs:
Open DLs
Open Archives Initiative,
• Examples: NDLTD, NSDL, CITIDEL
Open Archives Initiative
OAI
www.openarchives.org
openarchives@openarchives.org
OAi Philosophy
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Self-archiving = submission mechanism
Long-term storage system = archive
Open interface = harvesting mechanism
Data provider + service provider
Start with “gray literature”
• e-prints/pre-prints, reports, dissertations, …
Budapest
Open Access Initiative
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Launched Feb. 14
Open Society Institute
Free access to refereed research literature
Signatories: Fox, NDLTD, …
• Guédon – refer to his talk
• http://www.soros.org/openaccess/
commitment.shtml
Open Archives Initiative (OAI)
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xxx@LANL, high-energy physics (Ginsparg, 1991)
CSTR + WATERS = NCSTRL (Lagoze,1994)
xxx + NCSTRL = CoRR collaboration (1998)
Universal Preprint Service protoproto, Oct. 21-22, 1999,
Santa Fe – led by LANL, CNI, DLF, Mellon --> OAi
• Santa Fe Convention (see Feb. D-Lib Magazine article)
• Follow-on mtgs: 6/3@San Antonio, 9/21@Lisbon (ECDL)
• Archives -> Open Archives
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Support unique archive identifiers
Implement Open Archives metadata set (DC, using XML)
Implement OA harvesting protocol (derived from Dienst protocol)
Register the archive
• Build tools, layer other services: linking, searching, …
Open Archives (protoproto)
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ArXiv & Los Alamos National Lab
CogPrints & U. Southampton
NACA & NASA (reports)
NCSTRL & Cornell U.
NDLTD & Virginia Tech
RePEc & U. Surrey
Total of around 200K records
Original Open Archives Members
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American Physical Society
California Digital Library
Caltech
Coalition for Networked Info.
Cornell University
Harvard University
Library of Congress
Los Alamos Nat’l Lab
Mellon Foundation
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NASA Langley Research Cntr
Old Dominion University
Stanford University
U. of Ghent
U. of Surrey
U. of Southampton
Vanderbilt University
Virginia Tech
Washington University
Harvesting vs. Federation
• Competing approaches to interoperability
• Federation is when services are run remotely on remote
data (e.g., federated searching)
• Harvesting is when data/metadata is transferred from
the remote source to the destination where the services
are located (e.g., union catalogues)
• Federation requires more effort at each remote
source but is easier for the local system and vice
versa for harvesting
• OAI (currently) focuses on harvesting
OAI – Black Box Perspective
OA 7
OA 4
OA 2
OA 1
OA 3
OA 6
OA 5
Metadata vs. Data
• Data refers to digital objects or digital
representations of objects
• Metadata is information about the objects
(e.g. title, author, etc.)
• OAI focuses on metadata, with the implicit
understanding that metadata usually
contains useful links to the source digital
objects
Repository of Digital Objects
Repository
Access
Protocol
handle
terms and conditions
Digital object
OAI – Repository Perspective
Required: Protocol
MDO
MDO
MDO
MDO
MDO
MDO
MDO
MDO
DO
DO
DO
DO
Tiered Model of Interoperability
Mediator services
Metadata harvesting
Document models
Mechanisms
• Sharing
• Join federation, run software
• Make metadata and archive available
• Aggregating
• By discipline
• By institution
• By genre
• Automating
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Workflow
Harvesting and providing services
Federated searching
Dynamic linking (e.g., with SFX (OpenURLs))
Technical Umbrella for Practical
Interoperability…
Reference
Libraries
Museums
Publishers
E-Print
Archives
…that can be exploited by different communities
The World According to OAI
Service Providers
Discovery
Current
Awareness
Data Providers
Preservation
Key Features of the OAI
Metadata Harvesting Protocol
• definitions &
concepts
• repository
• record
• identifier
• datestamp
• set
• protocol features
• HTTP encoding
• metadata prefix &
schema
• flow control
• protocol requests
• supporting requests
• harvesting requests
identifiers
locally unique key for extracting a record
from a repository
oai-identifier = oai:archive-identifier:record-identifier
Registered
URI
Scheme
Archive Identifier:
Registered within
OAI
Unique ID within
archive:
(syntax is archivespecific)
example = oai:ncstrl:ncstrl.cornellcs/TR94-1418
repository
support
data
harvesting
data
h
a
r
v
e
s
t
e
r
OAI protocol
r
e
p
o
s
i
t
o
r
y
items
selective harvesting - datestamps
harvest within
date range
record
record
r
e
p
o
s
i
t
o
r
y
selective harvesting - sets
harvest within set
record
record
record
r
e
p
o
s
i
t
o
r
y
S1
S2
OAI Tools
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Related resources, e.g., XML, Unicode
XML Schema Validator
Servers and utilities, e.g., ARC, Kepler, EPrints
Repository Explorer
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Interactive Browsing
Testing of parameters
Multiple views of data
Multilingual support
Automatic test suite
ARC (arc.cs.odu.edu)
OAI Repository Explorer
• Serves as a compliancy test
• Allows browsing of open archives using only OAI
protocol
• Sends requests on behalf of user, parses and checks
responses and displays browsable interface
• Will detect most discrepancies in protocol
• http://purl.org/net/explorer
RE
1.3
Request, Response – OAI, VT ETDs
Request
http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/OAI/cgi-bin/index.pl?
verb=GetRecord&metadataPrefix=oai_etdms&identifier=oai:VTETD:etd-520112859651791
Response
Overview - NDLTD
• Purpose: Scholarship / Knowledge Management
• Goals: Discovery of Knowledge, Scholarly Communication
• Objectives: Learning, Advancing Knowledge, Sharing
• Mechanisms: Electronic Publishing, Digital Libraries
• Digital Libraries: Content Mgmnt , Workflow Mgmnt
• Distributed DLs: Open Archives Initiative, Open DLs
• Examples: NDLTD, NSDL, CITIDEL
NDLTD: DL Case Study
• Domain: graduate
education, research
• Genre: ETDs=electronic
theses & dissertations
• Submission:
http://etd.vt.edu
• Collection:
http://www.theses.org
Project:
Networked
Digital
Library of
Theses &
Dissertations
(NDLTD)
http://www.ndltd.org
The Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations
www.NDLTD.org
Training Authors
Expanding Access
Preserving Knowledge
Improving Graduate Education
Enhancing Scholarly Communication
Empowering Students & Universities
Leader of the Worldwide ETD
(Electronic Thesis and Dissertation) Initiative
NDLTD
Grad
Program
IT
Library
Ed.
(Tech)
What led to today’s meeting?
• 1987 mtg in Ann Arbor: UMI, VT, …
• 1992 mtg in Washington: CNI, CGS, UMI, VT and 10
universities with 3 reps each
• 1993 mtg in Atlanta to start Monticello Electronic Library
(regional, US Southeast): SURA, SOLINET
• 1994 mtg at VT: std: PDF + SGML + multimedia objects
• 1996 funding by SURA, US Dept. of Education (FIPSE)
• 1997 meetings in UK, Germany, ...
• 1998 – 1st symposium – Memphis (20)
• 1999 – 2nd symposium – Blacksburg (70)
• 2000 – 3rd symposium – St. Petersburg (225)
• 2001 – 4th symposium – Caltech (200)
• 2002 - May 30 – June 1, BYU; 2003 – Spring, in Berlin
What are the long term goals?
• 400K US students / year getting grad degrees are
exposed / involved
• 200K/yr rich hypermedia ETDs that may turn into
electronic portfolios (images, video, audio, …)
• Dramatic increase in knowledge sharing: literature
reviews, bibliographies, …
• Services providing lifelong access for students:
browse, search, prior searches, citation links
• Hundreds/thousands of downloads / year / work
What are we doing?
• Aiding universities to enhance graduate
education, publishing and IPR efforts
• Helping improve the availability and
content of theses and dissertations
• Educating ALL future scholars so they can
publish electronically and effectively use
digital libraries (i.e., are Information
Literate and can be more expressive)
Key Ideas:
Scalability
Networked infrastructure
University collaboration
Workflow, automation
Education is the rationale
Maximal
Access
8th graders vs. grads
Authors must submit
Standards
PDF, SGML, MM,
MARC, DC, URNs,
Federated search
Status of the Local Project
• Approved by university governance Spring
1996; required starting 1/1/97
• Submission & access software in place
• Submission workshops for students (and
faculty) occur often: beginner/adv.
• Faculty training as part of Faculty
Development Initiative
• Over 3800 ETDs in collection – some have
audio, video, large images, software, …
ETDs: Library Goals
• Improve library services
• Better turn-around time
• Always available
• Reduce work
• catalog from e-text
• eliminate handling: mailing to UMI,
bindery prep, check-out, check-in,
reshelving, etc.
• Save space
Archiving ETDs
• Every 15 minutes back-ups made of notyet-approved submissions
• Hourly back-ups of newly approved ETDs
• Weekly back-ups of entire ETD collection
• Copies stored on-site and off-site
VT ETD Cataloging
• same as current cataloging policies, except:
• author-assigned keywords (not LCSH)
• generic (not LC) call no.
• fields/subfields as required for computer files
• full abstracts
• time savings
• cataloger familiar with computer files
• equipment, software for word processing
• 5 minutes avg. (10-15 minutes for paper TDs)
Author‘s tools
www.physik.uni-oldenburg.de/EPS/mmm
Library Costs
• $12/vol. for paper thesis processing
• catalog, bind, security strip, label, shelve
• @950 vols./yr. = $11,466
• $3.20/vol. ETD processing
• cataloging @950 vols./yr. = $3040
• $.07/vol. shelving
• $.04/vol. circulation
Costs/Savings at VT
• Graduate School stopped shipping to the library
3000 copies of paper TDs/year
• Library stopped binding, shelving, and circulating
3000 copies of TDs/year
• 166 ft of shelf space saved/year by the library
• VT used existing equipment in Library (vs. start-up
costs for staff, hardware and software from from a
zero-base estimate: $65,000 – see
http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/)
Popular Works 1997
9920 Liu, Xiangdong. Analysis and Reduction of Moire Patterns in Scanned Halftone Pictures
(Ph.D. in Computer Science, May 1996; 6.6Mb)
7656 Petrus, Paul. Novel Adaptive Array Algorithms and Their Impact on Cellular System
Capacity (Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering, March 1997; 5Mb)
2781 Agnes, Gregory Stephen. Performance of Nonlinear Mechanical, Resonant-Shunted
Piezoelectric, and Electronic Vibration Absorbers for Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Structures
(Ph.D. in Engineering Mechanics, Sept. 1997; ? + 7926Kb)
2492 Gonzalez, Reinaldo J. Raman, Infrared, X-ray, and EELS Studies of Nanophase Titania
(Ph.D. in Physics, July 1996; 4607Kb)
1877 Shih, Po-Jen. On-Line Consolidation of Thermoplastic Composites (Ph.D. in Engineering
Mechanics, Feb. 1997; 3.3Mb)
1791 Saldanha, Kevin J. Performance Evaluation of DECT in Different Radio Environments
(MS in Electrical Engineering, Aug. 1996; 3.2Mb)
1431 DeVaux, David. A Tutorial on Authorware (MS in CS, April 1996; 2.3Mb)
1394 Kuhn, William B. Design of Integrated, Low Power, Radio Receivers in BiCMOS
Technologies (Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering, Dec. 1995; 2518Kb)
Institutional Members
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Cinemedia
Coalition for Networked Information (CNI)
Committee on Institutional Cooperation (CIC)
Consorci de Biblioteques Universitàries de Catalunya
Diplomica.com
Dissertation.com
Dissertationen Online (Germany)
ETDweb, a Division of Answer4.com
Ibero-American Science & Technology Education Consortium
(ISTEC)
National Documentation Centre (NDC), Greece
National Library of Portugal (for all universities)
OCLC Online Computer Library Center
OhioLINK
Organization of American States (SEDI/OAS)
Southeastern Library Network (SOLINET)
UNESCO (www.unesco.org/webworld/etd)
National / Regional Projects
• Australia
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U. New South Wales (lead)
U. of Melbourne
U. of Queensland
U. of Sydney
Australian National U.
Curtin U. of Technology
Griffith U.
• Germany
• Humboldt University (lead)
• 3 other universities
• 5 learned societies: Math,
Physics, Chemistry,
Sociology, Education
• 1 computing center
• 2 major libraries
• OhioLINK: 79 colleges/univs
• Consorci de Biblioteques
Universitàries de Catalunya,
as group, www.cbuc.es:
• Universitat de Barcelona
• Universitat Autonòma de
Barcelona
• Universitat Politècnica de
Catalunya
• Universitat Pompeu Fabra
• Universitat de Girona
• Universitat de Lleida
• Universitat Rovira i Virgili
• Universitat Oberta de Catalunya
• Biblioteca de Catalunya
• India, …
OhioLINK
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Statewide Consortium
Represents 79 colleges, universities, libraries
Public Universities
Private Universities and Colleges
2-Year Colleges
Only a few (e.g., Miami U. of Ohio) are also
NDLTD members on their own
US University Members (54)
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Air University (Alabama)
Baylor University
Brigham Young University (part, whole)
Caltech
Clemson University
College of William & Mary
Concordia University (Illinois)
East Carolina University
East Tenn. State U. – require fall 2000
Florida Institute of Technology
Florida International University
George Washington University
Georgetown University
Louisiana State University
Marshall University (W. Va.)
Miami University of Ohio
Michigan Tech
Mississippi State University
MIT
Montana State University
Naval Postgraduate School (CA)
New Jersey Inst. of Technology
New Mexico Tech
North Carolina State University
Northwestern University
Penn. State University
Regis University
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Rochester Institute of Tech.
Texas A&M
U. of Colorado Health Science Center
U. of Florida
U. of Georgia
University of Hawaii, Manoa
U. of Iowa
U. of Kentucky
U. of Maine
U. of North Texas – required since 8/99
U. of Oklahoma
U. of New Orleans
U. of Pittsburgh
U. of Rochester
U. of South Florida
U. of Tennessee, Knoxville
U. of Tennessee, Memphis
U. of Texas at Austin – required in 2001
U. of Virginia
U. of West Florida
U. of Wisconsin - Madison
Vanderbilt U.
Virginia Commonwealth U.
Virginia Tech - required since 1/97
West Virginia U. - required fall 1998
Western Michigan U.
Worcester Polytechnic Inst.
Other Countries - 53 Members
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Australia
Belgium
Brazil
Canada
China, Hong Kong
Columbia
Germany
India
Italy
Korea
Mexico
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Netherland
Norway
Russia
Singapore
S. Africa
S. Korea
Spain
Sudan
Sweden
Taiwan
UK
Type 1 Members
University Requires ETDs
• Adobe Acrobat and/or XML/SGML tools
• Automated submission & processing
• Archive/access through UMI, (OCLC,)
Virginia Tech, ...
• (Local) WWW site, publicity
• (Local) Assistance provided as requested:
email, phone, listserv(s)
Type 2 Members
University Agrees to Require ETDs
• Like Type 1 but set date not reached
• Usually has an option or pilot
• May: wait for new AY; start with all who enter
after; …
• Build grass roots support
•
•
•
•
Advisory committee: representative? expert?
Champions to spread by word of mouth
Approval: Senates, Commissions, Deans, Students
Publicity to reach community
NDLTD Members, Types 3-7
•
•
•
•
3. Part of university requires ETDs
4. University allows ETDs
5. University investigating, has pilot
6. University consortium joins:
• CIC (Big 10 coordinating body)
• 7. Non-university organization joins
• CNI (Coalition for Networked Info.)
Counts of ETDs at Selected U’s
University/Institution
ETD Collection size
ADT: Australian Digital Thesis Program (Australia)
238
University of Bergen (Norway)
45
California Institute of Technology
2
Consorci de Biblioteques Universitaries de Catalunya (Spain)
151
East Tennessee State University
106
Humboldt-University (Germany)
430
Louisiana State University
3
Mississippi State University
33
MIT
62
North Carolina State University
301
Pennsylvania State University
83
Pontifical Catholic University (PUC) (Brazil)
90
Gerhard Mercator Universitat Duisburg (Germany)
126
Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (Spain)
189
University of Florida
174
(continued)
Counts of ETDs at Selected U’s (cont’d)
University/Institution
University of Georgia
ETD Collection size
121
University of Iowa
6
University of Kentucky
19
University of Maine
27
University of North Texas
337
University of South Florida
25
University of Tennessee
12
University of Tennessee, Knoxville
28
Uppsala University (Sweden)
178
Virginia Tech
3393
West Virginia University
1006
Worcester Polytechnic Institute
TOTAL
83
7268
Counts of University
Scanned ETD Collections
University/Institution
ETD Collection Size
MIT
5,581
National Documentation Center, Greece
12,000
New Jersey Institute of Technology
26
University of South Florida
150
TOTAL
17,763
VT ETD Access Logs
1997/98
Requests
for
PDF
(mostly full ETDs)
1998/99
Increase
1997/98
-1998/99
1999/00
Increase
1998/99
-1999/00
files
221,679
481,038
117.0%
578,152
20.2%
165,710
215,539
30.1%
260,699
21.0%
Requests for multimedia
1,714
4,468
160.7%
12,633
182.7%
Distinct files requested
6,419
21,451
234.2%
16,409
-23.5%
29,816
57,901
94.2%
87,804
51.6%
156 MB
219 MB
40.4%
382 MB
74.4%
55 GB
78 GB
40.4%
137 GB
75.6%
Requests for HTML files
(mostly tables of contents
and abstracts)
Distinct hosts served
Average data transferred daily
Data transferred
VT ETD Access by Int’l Sites
International
Domain
1997/98
1997/98
rank
1998/99
1998/99
rank
Increase
1997/98
-1998/99
1999/00
1999/00
rank
Increase
1998/99
-1999/00
United
Kingdom
6,735
1
11,347
1
68.5%
25,583
1
125.5%
Malaysia
876
16
4,190
6
378.3%
16,147
2
285.4%
France
2,138
7
4,797
5
124.4%
14,960
3
211.9%
Germany
6,727
2
3,374
9
-49.8%
14,384
4
326.3%
Canada
3,413
4
9,632
3
182.2%
13,543
5
40.6%
590
18
3,647
8
518.1%
9,918
6
171.9%
1,430
12
3,095
10
116.4%
9,300
7
200.5%
Spain
Italy
Multimedia Use in ETD Collection
File type
Examples
Count
Still image
BMP, DXF, GIF, JPG, TIFF
328
Video
AVI, MOV, MPG, QT
58
Audio
AIFF, WAV
18
Text
PDF, HTML, TXT, DOC, XLS
Other
Macromedia, SGML, XML
7601
51
Access Choices at VT (7/2000)
Mixed
19%
Patent
3%
Worldwide
54%
VT-Only
24%
Who are sponsors / cooperators?
• Funding, Donations of hardware/software
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
SURA
US Dept. of Education (FIPSE)
Adobe Systems
IBM
Microsoft
OCLC
NSF, DFG, CONACyT
UNESCO
• Others Serving on Steering Committee
• National/Regional Projects: Australia, French
speaking group, Germany, IberoAmerica
(ISTEC), UK (UTOG)
• CGS, CRL, National Lib. Canada, NSF, OAS,
SOLINET, UMI, UNESCO, ...
For professional societies
• Like “writing across the curriculum”, e.g.,
Chemical Markup Language, MathML, …
• Besides writing: computing/communications,
information literacy, personal digital library
management, tool use, research methods,
collaboration, archiving/preservation
• Data sets, communities of users of them
• Classification systems / browsing / searching
• NRC’s “Issues for Science and Engineering
Researchers in the Digital Age”, 57 pages
Relationship with publishers
• Concern of faculty and students that still wish
to publish books or journal articles, voiced:
campus, Chronicle, NPR, Times
• Solution: Approval Form gives students,
faculty choices on access, when to change
access condition; use IPR controls in DL
• Solution: by case, work with publishers and
publisher associations to increase access
• AAP, AAUP
• AAAS, ACM, ACS, Elsevier, ...
Some responses from publishers
•
•
•
•
•
ACM: need to acknowledge copyright
Elsevier: need to acknowledge copyright
IEEE-CS: endorse initiative
ACS: After first publication, can release
Textbook publishers: different market,
manuscript significantly reworked
• General: restricting access to local campus
will not cause any problems
How does this relate to UMI?
• Generally, they are independent decisions.
•
•
•
•
1987 UMI workshop was first to explore ETDs.
UMI wrote support letter for US Dept. of Ed. proposal.
UMI is on Steering Committee.
ProQuest Direct pilot of scanning works started 1/1/97,
with free 2 yr access to front part.
• We are collaborating on:
• accepting electronic author submissions
• standards (e.g., representation)
ETD Initiative (and UMI)
Students
Learn about
DL, EPub
TDs
become more
expressive
Global TDs
become more
accessible,
archived
Universities
UMI
N. Amer. (T)Ds are
accessible, archived
ETD Encoding Decisions
• Text
• UNICODE (with language identifiers)
• Structure
• MARC (MARC-21 or UNIMARC)
PLUS
• XML / RDF / DC + ETD
• Multimedia
• Following international standards
• Other schemes may not be amenable to
preservation
www.theses.org
• James Powell student project, D-Lib
Magazine description in Sept. 1998
• XML description of each site
• type of search engine / service
• language
• coverage (for resource discovery)
• Adding Z39.50 gateway capability and
integrating with MARIAN, along with Harvest
and Open Archives protocols
Access Approaches
• Goal: Maximize access and services, e.g., by
encouraging:
• UMI centralized services
• VTLS: planned free union collection of metadata
• Distributed service: Dienst, Z39.50
• Regional services (e.g., OhioLink)
• Local servers with browse, search
• From local catalogs to local archives
• WWW robot indexing and search services
Why might a university want
to be involved?
• To improve graduate education / better prepare
your students / increase their knowledge (epub,
DLs, IPR) and visibility
• To enhance university infrastructure (DL)
• To unlock university information
• To save money for students and for the
university / improve workflow
• To build an important digital library (of ETDs)
Multiple objectives
• Sharing research results
• Decrease costs, increase services
• Increase knowledge of users
• Adding to author knowledge/skills
• Epub, DL, IPR
• Enhancing organization’s infrastructure
• CS department, library
• University, Laboratory
How can a university get
involved?
• Select planning/implementation team
•
•
•
•
Graduate School
Library
Computing / Information Technology
Institutional Research / Educational Technology
• Send us letter, give us contact names
• www.ndltd.org/join
• Adapt Virginia Tech solution
• Build interest and consensus
• Start trial / allow optional submission
Pilot to Requirement
• Shift as soon as feasible, to reduce costs and speed up
collection growth.
• Build on leadership wherever it exists.
• Encourage student enthusiasm/innovation.
• Financial incentive? Awards? Advertising?
• New Media Center? FDI/GDI equivalent?
• Adapt others’ solutions to reduce effort.
• Build on campus’ existing infrastructure & related work.
• Solve problems / address questions immediately.
Resources Required
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Problem solver(s)/leader(s)
Advertising
Training
Nurture pilot.
Assistance: “1-stop-shopping”
Documentation
Liaison with NDLTD and ETD’2002 …
OAI, Union Catalog
Assistance
•
•
•
•
•
www.etdguide.org
Marcel Dekker book soon in press
ETD’2002 starting May 30 at BYU
www.ndltd.org
Support in Latin America by UNESCO and
ISTEC (e.g., workshops for trainers)
Support Offered
•
•
•
•
Software, documentation, tech support
Email, listservs (etd-l@listserv.vt.edu)
UNESCO training, Guide (www.etdguide.org)
NDLTD Committees
• Steering
• Standards
• Conference
• Strategic Planning
NDLTD Members and ETD-MS
• NDLTD members will
• Share metadata for their ETDs
• Providing that in either ETD-MS
• Or if they use a version of MARC locally,
work to have that eventually shared in
either MARC21 or UNIMARC
• Run OAI, either locally or in consortia, so
their metadata can be harvested, according
to necessary terms and conditions
Complex to Simple
MARC ($50)
Dublin Core (DC)
+
thesis
ETD-MS
• ETD Metadata Standard
• XML-encoded metadata standard
(content and encoding) for Electronic
Theses and Dissertations (ETDs)
• in part conforming to Dublin Core (DC)
• using RDF
• using UNICODE
• Has specified relationship with
MARC
ETD-MS Schema Includes
• Elements not in dces (Dublin Core Element Set)
• e.g., thesis.degree
• Elements with wildly divergent semantics
• e.g., thesis.advisor rather than dc.contributor
• Relationships to other elements
• Controlled vocabularies
• e.g., {Bachelors, Masters, Doctorate, Other} for
thesis.degree.level
• Labels in multiple languages
RDF for ETDs
• WWW Consortium (W3C)’s RDF: Resource
Description Framework
• NUDL ETD metadata realized as an RDF
application profile
• Specifying elements from DC element set
• Plus new elements from a registered ETD schema
• Constraints & policies attached to both
• (e.g., “Full title,” “Name as it appears on title page,” “Repeatable”)
• Links to authority records encoded as URIs
• XML syntax as per RDF standard
OCLC and ETD-MS
• Identify TDs in WorldCat
• Through OAI make available metadata for
WorldCat TDs in both DC and ETD-MS
• Provide an authority service for personal
names for NDLTD
• Coordinate with other authority services
such as LC
VTLS and ETD-MS
• Support NDLTD through a union catalog service
implemented with Virtua
• Accept metadata in MARC21 or UNIMARC, and
help identify other converters for other types
• Accept metadata in one other format, namely
ETD-MS, collected using OAI (harvesting)
• Accept data in various character sets, with
UNICODE preferred, but in some cases the
submitter may be required to convert
ETD Union Collection (OAI)
VIRTUA
MARIAN
Future: recommender, …
Merged Metadata
Collection
LEGEND
OAI Data Provider
Virginia
Tech ETD
Archive
Humboldt
ETD
Archive
Duisburg
ETD
Archive
…
OAI Service Provider
OAI Harvesting
Union Catalog Creation
Name Authority
Service
(e.g. OCLC)
NDLTD Central
VTLS Union
Catalog
NDLTD Site / Member
Librarian
Verification /
Validation /
Enrichment /
Maintenance
Student
Entry
OAI
Server
Local DB
MARIAN
Union
Catalog
Virtua
MARC DB
OAI
Harvester
Conversion
Local
Search /
Brow se
Alternate MARC
Transport (ftp?) tapes?)
NUDL (www.nudl.org)
Int’l Research Support
• Networked University Digital Library
• Partners: Mexico (Puebla and Monterrey),
Germany, Brazil
• Problems: Multilingual search, high
performance DLs, requirements/usability, …
• Start with ETDs, then expand to other student
works, portfolios, data sets, (CS) courseware, ...
NUDL
ETDs
Reports
Doctoral
Masters
Bachelors
Courseware
Demos
Computer
Science Tech
Reports
Viz
Lab
Test
Exercises
Banks
Future Work - 1 of 2
• Working with publishers to increase level of access
as much as possible
• Interoperability tests among universities and with
UMI to provide integrated services
• Study with testbed that emerges, to improve
information retrieval, browsing, interface, and other
types of user support
• Evaluation, improving learning experience, spread
to worldwide initiative, sustainable support and
coordination
Future Work - 2 of 2
• Adding services currently prototyped
• annotation and SDI (routing) capabilities
• Dublin Core metadata, crosswalk to MARC
• Adding other services planned
• building and using citation database (w. SFX)
• implementing plagiarism check (like “SCAM”)
• Developing NUDL as a sustainable self
governing global institution (w. committees)
Overview - NSDL
• Purpose: Scholarship / Knowledge Management
• Goals: Discovery of Knowledge, Scholarly Communication
• Objectives: Learning, Advancing Knowledge, Sharing
• Mechanisms: Electronic Publishing, Digital Libraries
• Digital Libraries: Content Mgmnt , Workflow Mgmnt
• Distributed DLs: Open Archives Initiative, Open DLs
• Examples: NDLTD, NSDL, CITIDEL
NSDL: DL Case Study
• Domain: lifelong
(K-gray)
education/learning
• Genre: learning
resources
• Submission:
http://www.cstc.org, …
• Collection:
http://www.nsdl.nsf.gov
Project:
National
STEM
(science,
technology,
engineering, and
mathematics)
education
Digital
Library
NSDL
Colls
Services
Core
Integration
Research
Expectations of NSDL
ProgramTracks
• Core Integration: coordinate a distributed alliance of
resource collection and service providers; and ensure
reliable and extensible access to and usability of the
resulting network of learning environments and resources
• Collections: aggregate and actively manage a subset of the
digital library’s content within a coherent theme / specialty
• Services: increase the impact, reach, efficiency, and value
of the digital library in its fully operational form
• Targeted (Applied) Research: have immediate impact on
one or more of the other three tracks
CI Key Concepts and Principles
• NSDL is an “Education Layer” over Web
• NSDL will be seen by
• Users, as one library with many portals
• Builders, as offering a spectrum of interoperability
• Major objectives of Core Integration (CI) are
to help NSDL successfully achieve
• Diverse collections
• User interfaces & library services
• Educational excellence
• Access & content management
• Framework for evolution
Services
• Help services, frequently asked questions, etc.
• Synchronous/asynchronous collaborative learning
environments using shared resources
• Mechanisms for building personal annotated
digital information spaces
• Reliability testing for applets or other digital
learning objects
• Audio, image, and video search capability
• Metadata system translation
• Community feedback mechanisms
Collections
•
•
•
•
Discovery of content
Classification and cataloguing
Acquisition and/or linking; referencing
Disciplinary-based themes define a natural body of
content, but other possibilities are also encouraged
• Access to massive real-time or archived datasets
• Software tool suites for analysis, modeling,
simulation, or visualization
• Reviewed commentary on learning materials and
pedagogy
A Learning Environments and Resources
Network for STEM Education (LEARNS)
“The network is the library.”
LEARNS Connects:
Users: students, educators, life-long learners
Content: structured learning materials; large
real-time or archived datasets; audio, images,
animations; primary sources; digital learning
objects (e.g. applets); interactive (virtual,
remote) laboratories; ...
Tools: search; refer; validate; integrate;
create; customize; publish; share; notify;
collaborate; ...
LEARNS Supports:
Learning communities
Users
(profiles)
Application services
Tools
Customizable collections
Content
(metadata)
(protocols)
LEARNS Enables:
Environments for
• Discovery
• Communication
• Stability
• Collaboration
• Reliability
• Creation
AND
• Reusability
• Validation
• Interoperability
• Evaluation
• Customizability
• Recognition
• ...
• ...
of Resources
Goal
Core Integration
Track
(FY00 pilots,
FY01 full)
Collections Track
Services Track
Targeted Research
Track
LEARNS
operational
by 2002
NSDL Information Architecture
Essentially as developed by the Technical Infrastructure Workgroup
Portals &
Portals &
Clients
Portals &
Clients
Clients
User
Interfaces
Core
NSDL
“Bus”
NSDL
NSDL
NSDL
Collections
Collections
Collections
Collection
Building
referenced
referenced
items&&
Special
items
collections
Databases
collections
Core
Core Services:
Collectionmetadata
Building
Core gathering
CollectionServices
protocols
Building
Services
harvesting
NSDL
NSDL
Services
Other
NSDL
Services
Services
Usage
Enhancement
Core
Services:
CI Services
information
retrieval
CI Services
browsing
CI
Services
authentication
CI Services
personalization
CI Services
discussion
annotation
Overview - CITIDEL
• Purpose: Scholarship / Knowledge Management
• Goals: Discovery of Knowledge, Scholarly Communication
• Objectives: Learning, Advancing Knowledge, Sharing
• Mechanisms: Electronic Publishing, Digital Libraries
• Digital Libraries: Content Mgmnt , Workflow Mgmnt
• Distributed DLs: Open Archives Initiative, Open DLs
• Examples: NDLTD, NSDL, CITIDEL
NSDL -> CITIDEL
• Computing and Information Technology
Interactive Digital Education Library
• A collection project in the National STEM
(science, technolgy, engineering, and
mathematics) education Digital Library –
NSDL (www.nsdl.nsf.gov)
CITIDEL: DL Case Study
• Domain: computing &
IT, lifelong (K-gray)
education/learning
• Genre: learning
resources
• Submission:
http://www.cstc.org, …
• Collection:
http://www.citidel.org
Project:
Computing and
Information
Technology
Interactive
Digital
Educational
Library
(NSDL collection
project)
CS Teaching Center (CSTC)
• Instead of building large, expensive multimedia packages,
that become obsolete and are difficult to re-use, concentrate
on small knowledge units.
• Learners benefit from having well-crafted modules that
have been reviewed and tested.
• Use digital libraries to build a powerful base of support for
learners, upon which a variety of courses, self-study
tutorials & reference resources can be built.
• ACM support led to Journal of Educational Resources in
Computing (JERIC), accessible from www.cstc.org
Browsing (1)
Browsing (2)
www.CITIDEL.org
• Computing and Information Technology
Interactive Digital Education Library
• Builds on CSTC, JERIC, ACM DL, IEEE DL, ResearchIndex.
NCSTRL, …
• Led by Virginia Tech, with co-PIs:
• Fox (director, DL systems)
• Lee (history)
• Perez (user interface, Spanish support)
• Partners
• College of New Jersey (Knox)
• Hofstra (Impagliazzo)
• Villanova (Cassel)
• Penn State (Giles)
Overview of CITIDEL architecture
USER PORTALS
DIGITAL LIBRARY SERVICES
REPOSITORIES
Multi-dimensional categorization
Quality
Peer reviewed
Editor reviewed
Nominated
Identified by crawl
Algorithms
Java
English
Multimedia
Spanish
Language
Topic
Summary of spring 2001 survey of CITIDELrelated collections and their sizes
Size of Collection
1-5 items
100-300
Number of
Collections Identified
6-100 items 101-999
items
+1000
items
50
10-25
20-35
Distributed repository structure
Digital Library Services
OAI
Data
Provider
Applets
Repository
OAI
Data
Harvester
Union Metadata
Repository
Laboratories
Repository
Syllabi
Repository
Papers
Repository
...
Digital library architecture for local
and interoperable CITIDEL services
EDUCATORS
Multilingual
Searching
LEARNERS
Browsing
Union Metadata
Filtering
Filtering Profiles
OAI
Data
Provider
Annotating
ADMINISTRATORS
Revising
Administering
User Profiles
Annotations
OAI
Data
Harvester
Remote and Peer Digital Libraries (eg. NSDL -CIS)
PORTALS
SERVICES
REPOSITORIES
Summary
• Purpose: Scholarship / Knowledge Management
• Goals: Discovery of Knowledge, Scholarly Communication
• Objectives: Learning, Advancing Knowledge, Sharing
• Mechanisms: Electronic Publishing, Digital Libraries
• Digital Libraries: Content Mgmnt , Workflow Mgmnt
• Distributed DLs: Open Archives Initiative, Open DLs
• Examples: NDLTD, NSDL, CITIDEL
Highlights
• DL-mediated sharing
• Students thru universities share
theses/dissertations
• Faculty thru NSDL share courseware
(innovative!), and with learners
• Mechanisms
•
•
•
•
Authors/Creators submitting content, with (initial) metadata
Open Archives Initiative for sharing / aggregating metadata
Open Digital Libraries (components connected using XOAI) for building DLs
Support by NSF, universities, …
• Invitation to participate
• NDLTD, NSDL, CITIDEL
Links
• Open Archives Initiative
• http://www.openarchives.org
• OAI Protocol for Metadata Harvesting
• http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/openarchivesprotocol.htm
• Virginia Tech DLRL OAI Projects
• http://www.dlib.vt.edu/projects/OAI/
• Repository Explorer
• http://purl.org/net/oai_explorer
• NDLTD
• http://www.ndltd.org
• NSDL
• http://www.nsdl.nsf.gov
• CITIDEL
• http://www.citidel.org
• NCSTRL
• http://www.ncstrl.org
More Links
• ARC Cross-Archive Search Service
• http://arc.cs.odu.edu/
• XML Schema Validator
• http://www.w3.org/2001/03/webdata/xsv
• Dublin Core Metadata Initiative
• http://www.dublincore.org
• E-Prints DL-in-a-box
• http://www.eprints.org
• XML Tools at W3C
• http://www.w3.org/XML/#software
• Fox Homepage
• http://fox.cs.vt.edu