ICADL 2004 Invited Talk
Digital Libraries for Education:
Case Studies
Edward A. Fox, fox@vt.edu
Digital Library Research Laboratory, Dept. of CS
Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
http://fox.cs.vt.edu/talks/2004/
Acknowledgements (Selected)
• Sponsors: ACM, Adobe, AOL, CAPES,
CNI, CONACyT, DFG, IBM, Microsoft,
NDLTD, NSF (IIS-9986089, 0086227,
0080748, 0325579; ITR-0325579; DUE0121679, 0136690, 0121741, 0333601),
OCLC, SOLINET, SUN, SURA,
UNESCO, US Dept. Ed. (FIPSE), VTLS
Acknowledgements (cont’d)
• Faculty, Staff: Lillian Cassel, Debra Dudley,
Weiguo Fan, C. Lee Giles, Eberhard Hilf, John
Impagliazzo, Filip Jagodzinski, Deborah Knox,
Aaron Krowne, Alberto Laender, Gail McMillan,
Manuel Perez, Naren Ramakrishnan, …
• Students: Pavel Calado, Yuxin Chen, Fernando
Das Neves, Shahrooz Feizabadi, Marcos
Goncalves, Nithiwat Kampanya, S.H. Kim, Aaron
Krowne, Ming Luo, Fernando Das Neves, Ryan
Richardson, Rao Shen, Hussein Suleman, Wensi
Xi, Baoping Zhang, Qinwei Zhu, …
Outline
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5S Framework for DL
Digital Libraries for Education
CITIDEL
NSDL
NDLTD
Definition: Digital Libraries
are complex systems that
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help satisfy info needs of users (societies)
provide info services (scenarios)
organize info in usable ways (structures)
present info in usable ways (spaces)
communicate info with users (streams)
• Compare with the Five Elements of
Traditional Chinese Medicine …
Digital Libraries in Education
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Analytical Survey, ed. Leonid Kalinichenko
© 2003, www.iite-unesco.org, info@iite.ru
Transforming the Way to Learn
DLs of Educational Resources & Services
Integrated/Virtual Learning Environment
Educational Metadata
Current DLEs: US (NSDL, DLESE, CITIDEL,
NDLTD), Europe (Scholnet, Cyclades), UK
(Distributed National Electronic Resource)
Digital Libraries in Education - 2
• Advanced Frameworks & Methodologies
– Instructional course development with learning
module repositories, Learning Object reuse
– Community organization around DLEs
– Other content for science and research
– Cyberinfrastructure, data grids
– Curriculum-based interfaces (see Krowne et al.)
– Concept-based organization of learning
materials and courses (CMs, ontologies)
DLEs: Future Vision (p. 6)
• Global learning environment of the
future:
• Student-centered
• Interactive and dynamic
• Enabling group work on real world problems
• Enabling students to determine their own
learning routes (styles, personalization)
• Supporting lifelong learning
DLEs: Objectives (p. 11)
• Long-range: lifelong/distance/anytimeanywhere
• Intermediate goals:
– Support for students, teachers, parents
– Enhanced student performance
– More students excited about science
– More Internet-based science educ. resources
• with increased quality and comprehensiveness,
• easy to discover and retrieve,
• preserved and universally available
DLEs: Guiding Principles (p. 12)
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Driven by educational and science needs
Facilitating educational innovation
Stable, reliable, permanent
Accessible to all
Leveraging prior research: DL, courseware, …
Adaptable to new technologies
Supporting decentralized services
Resource integration thru tools/organization
Outline
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5S Framework for DL
Digital Libraries for Education
CITIDEL
NSDL
NDLTD
CS -> CSTC + CRIM
• NSF and ACM Education Committee funded a 2
year project “A Computer Science Teaching Center”
- CSTC - http://www.cstc.org/
• College of NJ, U. Ill. Springfield, Virginia Tech
• Focused initially on labs, visualization, multimedia
• Multimedia part was supported by a 2nd grant to
Virginia Tech and The George Washington
University: http://www.cstc.org/~crim/ (with
curricular guidelines also under development)
CS Teaching Center (CSTC)
• Instead of building large, expensive multimedia
packages, that become obsolete and are difficult to
re-use, concentrate on small knowledge units.
• Learners benefit from having well-crafted modules
that have been reviewed and tested.
• Use digital libraries to build a powerful base of
support for learners, upon which a variety of courses,
self-study tutorials & reference resources can be built.
• ACM support led to Journal of Educational Resources
in Computing (JERIC), accessible from
www.cstc.org
Browsing (2)
Computing and Information
Technology Interactive Digital
Educational Library (CITIDEL)
• Domain: computing / information
technology
• Genre: one-stop-shopping for teachers &
learners: courseware (CSTC, JERIC),
leading DLs (ACM, IEEE-CS, DB&LP,
CiteSeer), PlanetMath.org, NCSTRL
(technical reports), …
• Submission & Collection: sub/partner
collections  www.citidel.org
www.CITIDEL.org
• Led by Virginia Tech, with co-PIs:
– Fox (director, DL systems)
– Lee (history)
– Perez (user interface, Spanish
support)
• Partners
– College of New Jersey (Knox)
– Hofstra (Impagliazzo)
– Villanova (Cassel)
– Penn State (Giles)
Overview of CITIDEL architecture
USER PORTALS
DIGITAL LIBRARY SERVICES
REPOSITORIES
Digital library architecture for local
and interoperable CITIDEL services
EDUCATORS
Multilingual
Searching
LEARNERS
Browsing
Union Metadata
Filtering
Filtering Profiles
OAI
Data
Provider
Annotating
ADMINISTRATORS
Revising
Administering
User Profiles
Annotations
OAI
Data
Harvester
Remote and Peer Digital Libraries (eg. NSDL -CIS)
PORTALS
SERVICES
REPOSITORIES
CITIDEL Technology Features
•Component architecture (Open Digital Library)
•Re-use and compose re-deployable digital library components.
•Built Using Open Standards & Technologies
•OAI: Used to collect DL Resources and DL Interoperability
•XSL and XML: Interface rendering with multi-lingual community
based translation of screens and content (Spanish, …)
•Perl: Component Integration
•ESSEX: Search Engine Functionality
•Very fast, utilizing in-memory processing
•Includes snap-shots for persistence
•Multi-scheming
•Integrates multiple classifications / views through maps, closure
PIPE: Personalization by
Partial Evaluation
• Interactions at existing web sites are
predefined by the site designer
• Personalization is achieved by the
designer’s anticipation of users’
expectations
• PIPE allows automatic personalization of a
web site without designer anticipation
– Recognized with the 2001 New Century
Technology Council Innovation award
PIPE Provides
Mixed-Initiative Interaction
• Involves an extra specification window
(e.g., a toolbar)
• system-initiated + user-initiated modes of
interaction
Traditional browser: the user
merely clicks on available
hyperlinks.
PIPE window: the user can type in
any information out-of-turn
CITIDEL + PIPE
• Adds Interaction
Personalization to
CITIDEL
•Automatically
handles multi-modal
conversion to Cell
phone, PDA, Etc.
•Can be adopted to
any digital data set,
only requires XML file
of content with
hierarchy maintained.
Cluster Search Results from CITIDEL
Cluster NDLTD-Computing
CitiViz HomePage
http://feathers.dlib.vt.edu/CitiViz/index.html
CitiViz Display of Detailed Information
for a Selected Document:
A Tower of Cylinders
(to solve occlusion problem)
CitiViz initial interface
1.Show me retrieved results from ACM DL
1. Show me retrieved results from ACM DL
2. “algorithm analysis”, by “Donald Knuth”
2. “algorithm analysis”, by “Donald Knuth”
Clustering results
2. “algorithm analysis”, by “Donald Knuth”
3. “data compression”
3. “data compression”
Conclusions
• Text mining + information visualization
• Document clustering provides insights for
users.
• Overview of document attributes in the 2D
scatter plot
• Overview of hierarchical concept map
displayed as a hyperbolic tree supports
“focus+context” navigation.
• Integrated the 2D scatter plot space with a
network of citations.
• Online tutorial and system – also animation.
CITIDEL -> NSDL
• A collection project in the
• National STEM (science, technolgy,
engineering, and mathematics)
education Digital Library – NSDL
• National Science Digital Library
• www.nsdl.org
• (Next slides courtesy Lee Zia, NSF)
NSDL ProgramTracks
• Core Integration: coordinate a distributed alliance of resource
collection and service providers; and ensure reliable and
extensible access to and usability of the resulting network of
learning environments and resources
• Collections: aggregate and actively manage a subset of the
digital library’s content within a coherent theme / specialty
• Services: increase the impact, reach, efficiency, and value of
the digital library in its fully operational form
• Targeted (Applied) Research: have immediate impact on
one or more of the other three tracks
• Pathways: large efforts across broad ranges of areas or
approaches or users
NSDL Information Architecture
Essentially as developed by the Technical Infrastructure Workgroup
Portals &
Portals &
Clients
Portals &
Clients
Clients
User
Interfaces
Core
NSDL
“Bus”
NSDL
NSDL
NSDL
Collections
Collections
Collections
Collection
Building
referenced
referenced
items&&
Special
items
collections
Databases
collections
Core
Core Services:
Collectionmetadata
Building
Core gathering
CollectionServices
protocols
Building
Services
harvesting
NSDL
NSDL
Services
Other
NSDL
Services
Services
Usage
Enhancement
Core
Services:
CI Services
information
retrieval
CI Services
browsing
CI
Services
authentication
CI Services
personalization
CI Services
discussion
annotation
Outline
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5S Framework for DL
Digital Libraries for Education
CITIDEL
NSDL
NDLTD
A Digital Library Case Study
• Domain: graduate
education, research
• Genre:ETDs=electronic
theses & dissertations
• Submission:
http://etd.vt.edu
• Collection:
http://www.theses.org
Project:
Networked Digital
Library of Theses
& Dissertations
(NDLTD)
http://www.ndltd.org
What are the long term goals?
• 400K US students / year getting grad degrees
are exposed / involved
• 200K/yr rich hypermedia ETDs may turn into
electronic portfolios (50M pages, images,
video, audio, …)
• Dramatic increase in knowledge sharing:
literature reviews, bibliographies, …
• Services providing lifelong access for
students: browse, search, prior searches,
citation links
• Hundreds/thousands of downloads/year/work
Why ETDs? Short Answer
• For Students:
– Gain knowledge and skills for the Information Age
– Richer communication (digital information, multimedia, …)
• For Universities:
– Easy way to enter the digital library field and benefit
thereby
• For the World:
– Global digital library – large, useful, many services
• General:
– Save time and money
– Increased visibility for all associated with research results
Status of the VT Project
• Approved by university governance
Spring 1996; required starting 1/1/97
• Submission & access software in place
• Submission workshops for students (and
faculty) occur often: beginner/adv.
• Faculty training as part of Faculty
Development Initiative
• Over 5000 ETDs in collection – some
have audio, video, large images,
software, …
Q uickTim e™ and a
Cinepak decom pr essor
ar e needed t o see t his pict ur e.
http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-2227102539751141/
Access to VT’s ETDs
http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/
5,000,000
4,500,000
4,000,000
3,500,000
3,000,000
2,500,000
2,000,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
500,000
ETD files requested
Abstracts requested
1997/98
231,709
165,710
1997/98
483,030
215,493
1999/00
578,152
260,699
2000/01
2,173,420
573,149
2001/02
4,497,199
471,917
What led to today’s discussion?
• 1987 mtg in Ann Arbor: UMI, VT, …
• 1992 mtg in Washington: CNI, CGS, UMI, VT and 10
universities with 3 reps each
• 1993 mtg in Atlanta to start Monticello Electronic Library
(regional, US Southeast): SURA, SOLINET
• 1994 mtg at VT: std: PDF + SGML + multimedia objects
• 1996 funding by SURA, US Dept. of Education (FIPSE)
• 1997 meetings in UK, Germany, ...
• 1998 – 1st symposium – Memphis (20)
• 1999 – 2nd symposium – Blacksburg (70)
• 2000 – 3rd symposium – St. Petersburg (225)
• 2001 – 4th symposium – Caltech (200)
• 2002 – 5th syposium – BYU, Provo, Utah
• 2003 – 6th syposium – Berlin (215)
• 2004 – 7th syposium – U. Kentucky
• 2005 – 8th syposium – Sydney, Australia
NDLTD: How can a
university get involved?
• Select planning/implementation team
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Graduate School
Library
Computing / Information Technology
Institutional Research / Educational Technology
• Join online, give us contact names
– www.ndltd.org/join
• Adapt Virginia Tech or other proven approach
– Build interest and consensus
– Start trial / allow optional submission
Convene Local Planning Group
ETD
Build Local ETD Site
ETD
Workshop/Training
Digital Library
Policies
Inspection/Approval
Student Prepares Thesis/Dissertation
NDLTD
Literature
Computer Resources
Research
Student Defends & Finalizes ETD
My Thesis
ETD
Student Gets Committee
Signatures and Submits ETD
Signed
Grad School
Graduate School Approves ETD,
Student is Graduated
Ph.D.
Library Catalogs ETD, Access is
Opened to the New Research
WWW
NDLTD
ETD Union Collection (OAI)
VIRTUA
ODL (VT)
Future: recommender, …
Merged Metadata
Collection
LEGEND
OAI Data Provider
Virginia
Tech ETD
Archive
OCLC
ETD
Archive
Brazil
ETD
Archive
…
OAI Service Provider
OAI Harvesting
OCLC SRU Interface
ETD Union Search Mirror Site in China (CALIS)
(http://ndltd.calis.edu.cn – popular site!)
Language = German; hits = 137
Full record display
NDLTD Incorporation
• Networked Digital Library of Theses and
Dissertations incorporated May 20, 2003 in
Virginia, USA
• Charitable and educational purposes (501 c 3)
– Can accept donations, collect dues, receive funds
• Officers
– Executive Director (Ed Fox)
– Secretary (Gail McMillan)
– Treasurer (Scott Eldredge)
Board of Directors
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Suzie Allard (ETD 2004, U. Kentucky)
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Denise A. D. Bedford (World Bank)
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Julia C. Blixrud (ARL, SPARC)
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José Luis Borbinha (National Lib Portugal)•
Alex Byrne (ETD 2005, ADT: Australia) •
Tony Cargnelutti (ETD 2005, Australia) •
Vinod Chachra (VTLS)
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Susan Copeland (RGU, UK)
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Jude Edminster (Bowling Green St. Univ.) •
Scott Eldredge (Treasurer, ETD 2002,
BYU)
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Edward A. Fox (Exec Director,Virginia Tech)
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John H. Hagen (West Virginia U.)
Thomas B. Hickey (OCLC)
Christine Jewell (U. Waterloo, Canada) •
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Delphine Lewis (ProQuest)
Joan K. Lippincott (CNI)
Mike Looney (Adobe)
Gail McMillan (Secretary, Virginia Tech)
Joseph Moxley (ETD 2000, USF)
Eva Müller (U. Uppsala, Sweden)
Ana Pavani (PUC Rio, Brazil)
Axel Plathe (UNESCO, Paris)
Sharon Reeves (National Library
Canada)
Peter Schirmbacher (ETD 2003,
Humboldt)
Hussein Suleman (U.Cape Town, S.
Africa)
Shalini R. Urs (U. Mysore, India)
Eric F. Van de Velde (ETD 2001,
Caltech)
Some Countries
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Australia
Belgium
Brazil
Canada
Chile
China, Hong Kong
Columbia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
India
Italy
Jamaica
Korea
Lithuania
Malaysia
Mexico
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Namibia
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Russia
Singapore
S. Africa
S. Korea
Spain
Sudan
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan
Thailand
Turkey
UK
USA
Venezuela
Yugoslavia
Some Institutional Members
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ADT (Australian Digital Theses)
British Library
Cinemedia
Coalition for Networked Information (CNI)
Committee on Institutional Cooperation (CIC)
Consorci de Biblioteques Universitàries de Catalunya
Dissertationen Online (Germany)
ETDweb, a Division of Answer4.com
Ibero-American Science & Technology Education
Consortium (ISTEC)
National Documentation Centre (NDC), Greece
National Library of Portugal (for all universities)
OCLC Online Computer Library Center
OhioLINK
Organization of American States (SEDI/OAS)
Southeastern Library Network (SOLINET)
UNESCO (www.unesco.org/webworld/etd)
ETDs and Publishing
• Early controversies waning
• Faculty: prior publication?
– Protective of future academics
• Surveys of publishers
– No specific policies largely
– Consider submissions individually
• VT ETD Alumni
– None had problems getting published
• Authors
– Retain some rights, e.g., link to
curriculum vitae, online course materials
ETD-MS
• ETD Metadata Standard
– XML-encoded metadata standard
(content and encoding) for Electronic
Theses and Dissertations (ETDs)
– in part conforming to Dublin Core (DC)
– using RDF
– using UNICODE
• Specified relationship with MARC
Added Support by NDLTD
• Links from NDLTD site
– ETD individuals support – submit ETD
– ETD discussion (e-prints) – community activities
– Conference papers and presentations – community
activities
• Partnering: Adobe, MERLOT, Scirus, …
• Marcel Dekker book now available
– Edward A. Fox, Shahrooz Feizbadi, Joseph M. Moxley,
and Christian R. Weisser, eds., The ETD Sourcebook:
Theses and Dissertations in the Electronic Age, New
York: Marcel Dekker, 2004
Spirit of NDLTD
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Help make a better (smaller) world
Win-win-win (everyone can benefit)
Have fun helping others
Helpers/teachers learn more than those they work
with
• Build on standards
• ETDs are preservable, popular, expressive, “better”
• Doable, feasible, learnable, affordable, sharable
• Please join NDLTD!
Main Message
• Digital libraries can help advance education.
• China is invited to engage in NDLTD, as well as
CITIDEL, NSDL, and other DL ventures.
• UNESCO Analytical Survey on Digital Libraries in
Education is recommending DLE in each nation.
• Local and national support can
– stimulate activities, including collaboration
– promote a sharing culture, especially in research and
teaching
– leverage others’ investments (networking, computing, …)
– encourage / facilitate learning
Summary
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5S Framework for DL
Digital Libraries for Education
CITIDEL
NSDL
NDLTD
and, for friendship and information …
A warm welcome awaits you in
Sydney, Australia at the
8th International Symposium
on Electronic Theses and Dissertations
ETD 2005
evolution through discovery
28 – 30 September 2005
UNSW
ETD2005: evolution through discovery
The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
Hosted by:
The University of New South Wales (UNSW) Library
and the
The Council of Australian University Librarians
(CAUL)
in association with the
Networked Digital Library of
Theses and Dissertations (NDLTD)
UNSW
ETD2005: evolution through discovery
The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
UNSW Library
Lead institution - Australian Digital Theses (ADT) Program
http://adt.caul.edu.au/
Developer and ongoing management of ADT Program
Member of NDLTD with representatives on
NDLTD Board and other committees
Participated in ETD annually since 1998
Digital submission mandatory from 2005
UNSW
ETD2005: evolution through discovery
The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
Conference venue
The Scientia
Multi-award-winning building
UNSW
ETD2005: evolution through discovery
The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
International access
Sydney International Airport
- 20 minutes from UNSW campus
- over 100 international flights
per day
UNSW
ETD2005: evolution through discovery
The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
And it’s
Springtime
in Sydney ….
Sydney
Sydney
Ocean Beaches
…within minutes of UNSW
Sydney
National Parks
…within the
metropolitan area
The Blue Mountains
…an ideal day trip
ADT
special announcement:
We are rolling out the ADT Program
to other countries in the region,
including New Zealand, and we
welcome others to join!!!
UNSW
ETD2005: evolution through discovery
The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
Further information
UNSW Library:
http://info.library.unsw.edu.au/
Australian Digital Theses Program@UNSW:
http://adt.caul.edu.au/
Sydney, Australia:
Tourism New South Wales:
http://www.tourism.nsw.gov.au/home/
Barani: indigenous history of Sydney city:
http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/barani/
UNSW
ETD2005: evolution through discovery
The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia