STAAR
Flashcards
2013-2014
Everything you need to know about
American history, but were afraid to
ask……..
FRONT
BACK
•Geography
•Political
GPERS
•Economic
•Religious
•Social
1
FRONT
BACK
Eras of American
History to 1877
2
•Exploration
•Colonization
•Declaration
•Revolution
•Constitution
•Federalization
•Jackson
•Expansion
•Reformation
•Industrialization
•Sectionalization
•Division
•Reconstruction
FRONT
BACK
Quick Map of the
United States
3
FRONT
BACK
•Spain – gold, God, glory
•France – fish, fur, francs,
friends (with Native Americans)
Exploration of
America: Which
countries and
why?
•Netherlands – fish, fur, faster
route to Asia (Northwest
Passage)
•Great Britain – money and stuff
(raw materials)
4
FRONT
BACK
•G-hard rocky soil; long cold
winters, short summers (MA, CT,
RI, NH)
New England
Colonies
•P-Mayflower Compact (selfgov’t), Fundamental Orders of
Connecticut (1st colonial
constitution)
•E-Manufacturing: ship building,
mining, fishing; subsistence
farming
•R-Puritans
5 •S-Tight-knit communities; rules
based on religion
FRONT
BACK
•G-balance of all seasons,
coastal plains with fertile soil
(PA, DE, NJ, NY)
•P-
Middle or
Mid-Atlantic
Colonies
•E-Manufacturing: ship building
& Agricultural: staple
crops/grains
•R-Quakers
•S-Close communities, individual
freedoms, freedom of religion
6
FRONT
BACK
•G-rich, fertile soil, excellent
farmland (GA, SC, NC, VA, MD)
•P-Virginia House of Burgesses
(representative gov’t)
Southern
Colonies
go•E-Agrarian (agricultural): cash
crop farming on large plantations
•R-Baptists and Catholics
•S-Rich upper class of white
landowners; poor lower class
consisting mainly of
slaves/indentured servants.
7
Columbus Discovering the New World
(Supposedly)
FRONT
BACK
•1st permanent English
settlement in North America
•1607
Jamestown, VA
• in Southern colonies
•Leader: John Smith
8
FRONT
BACK
• Founded by Puritans (pilgrims)
for religious freedom
•1620
Plymouth, MA
•New England Colonies
•Leader: William Bradford
9
FRONT
BACK
•Magna Carta (1215)-rule of law
Basis of Colonial
Government
•English Bill of Rights-citizens
have individual rights
•Virginia House of Burgessesrepresentative government
•Mayflower Compact (1620)-selfgovernment
10
FRONT
BACK
•Mother country (England) gets
rich by monopolizing colonies’
trade
•Colonies sell raw materials
ONLY to mother country
Mercantilism
•Colonies can only buy finished
goods from mother country
•opposite of free enterprise
11
FRONT
BACK
•American colonies ship raw
materials to England, rum and
money to Africa
Trans-Atlantic
Slave Trade
•Africa ships slaves and gold to
the West Indies to work on sugar
cane plantations
(Triangle Trade)
•The West Indies ship molasses,
sugar, and slaves to the
American colonies
12
18
FRONT
BACK
•an economic system where
businesses compete for profit
from consumers through supply
and demand, with little
government interference
Free Enterprise
13
FRONT
BACK
•a religious movement in which
Christians believed they could
speak directly to God
First Great
Awakening
•focused on the power of the
individual to break away from
the group
14
FRONT
BACK
•focuses on individuals and the
picturesque
•art shows portraits
Colonial Culture
•music is for individuals
•clothing shows status
•games are for single winner
15
FRONT
BACK
Revolution
Geography
16
FRONT
BACK
•1754-1763
•French & Native Americans vs.
British & colonists
French-Indian
War
•Fighting over control of the Ohio
River Valley
•AKA “Seven Years’ War”
•Ended by the Treaty of Paris,
1763
17
FRONT
BACK
•Fought over by French and
British for fur trading & farming
during the French-Indian War
Ohio River Valley
•Borders:
•N•E•S•W-
18
FRONT
BACK
•Issued by British to American
colonists
Proclamation of
1763
19
•Stated that the colonists could
not move WEST of the
Appalachian Mountains
•Attempt to protect the colonists
from additional wars
FRONT
BACK
•Plan by Benjamin Franklin to
unite the 13 colonies together
•Visually represented by cartoon
of a snake cut into pieces with
the caption “Join or Die”
Albany Plan of
Union
•Based on the Plan of Six
Nations by the Native Americans
•1st political cartoon in colonies
20
27
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BACK
•Phrase created by James Otis
“No Taxation
without
Representation”
21
•Protested British taxes on the
colonies, such as the Sugar Act,
Stamp Act, & Tea Act, without the
colonists having representation
in England’s parliament
FRONT
BACK
•Protest in Boston, MA over
taxes
Boston Massacre
•British soldiers shot into a crowd
of colonists, killing 5
•1st killed = Crispus Attucks
22
30
31
FRONT
BACK
•Protest in Boston, MA over the
Tea Act/tea taxes
Boston Tea Party
23
•Sons of Liberty, led by Samuel
Adams, dressed as Indians and
dumped 342 crates of tea off
ships into the Boston Harbor
33
34
FRONT
BACK
•British laws passed against the
colonies, specifically Boston, in
retaliation for the Boston Tea
Party
Intolerable Acts
•Meant to punish Boston
•“They’re UNBEARABLE!”
24
FRONT
BACK
•Meeting of colonial government
representatives in which they
decided to
•Boycott British goods
1st Continental
Congress
•Train a militia
25
FRONT
BACK
•1st battles of the American
Revolution
Battles of
Lexington &
Concord
•AKA “The shot heard ‘round the
world”
26
FRONT
BACK
•2nd meeting of colonial
government representatives
2nd Continental
Congress
•Created the Continental Army,
commanded by George
Washington
•Wrote Olive Branch Petition
•Ignored by King George III
•Decided to declare
independence from Britain
•Quote: “Give me liberty or give
27 me death”---Patrick Henry
FRONT
BACK
•Author of Common Sense –
urged colonists to fight for
independence from Britain
Thomas Paine
•Author of The American Crisis –
about patriotism and continuing
to fight for one’s country
28
FRONT
BACK
•Victory for British BUT they
suffered heavy losses and did
not gain much land
Battle of Bunker
Hill
29
•Showed colonial troops were
able to stand up against one of
the strongest armies in the world
(they had a chance!)
FRONT
BACK
•Document declaring to the world
that the American colonies are a
‘free and independent nation’
Declaration of
Independence
•Lists grievances against King
George III
•Unalienable rights = life, liberty,
pursuit of happiness
30
FRONT
BACK
•Declaration of Independence
written by Thomas Jefferson
1776
•Signed on July 4th, 1776 by 56
colonial representatives in
Philadelphia, PA
31
FRONT
BACK
•1775 – 1783
•Colonies = untrained for battle,
shortages in weapons and food,
patriotism, help from other
countries, fighting on home turf,
commander George Washington
vs.
•Britain = more soldiers and
money, well trained and
supplied, hired soldiers, fighting
overseas, poor leadership, hard
to supply (should have won)
American
Revolutionary
War
32
FRONT
BACK
•Lexington & Concord – FIRST
battles of the war
•Bunker Hill – showed that the
Colonies COULD FIGHT
Battles of the
Revolution
•Valley Forge – PA winter,
Washington lost lots of troops
•Saratoga – TURNING POINT
OF THE WAR, France joined us
•Yorktown – END of war, Lord
Cornwallis surrenders to General
33 Washington
FRONT
BACK
•Ends American Revolution
•Britain recognizes U.S. as a
country
•Britain gives up land in N.
America
•U.S. agrees to return property to
Loyalists
•New western boundary is
Mississippi not Appalachians
Treaty of Paris,
1783
34
FRONT
BACK
•Marquis de Lafayette = French,
military and financial assistance
•Bernardo de Galvez = Spanish,
military assistance
•Baron von Steuben = Prussian,
military training
VIPs of the
Revolution
•Comte de Rochambeau =
French, military assistance
•Haym Solomon = Jewish,
financial assistance
35
•James Armistead = African
slave, spied on British
FRONT
BACK
•Magna Carta (1215) – gov’t
power is limited, trial by jury
•English Bill of Rights (1689) –
individual rights
Ideas for
American
Government
•John Locke – people are born
with ‘natural rights,’ gov’t is a
social contract
•Charles De Montesquieu –
three branches of gov’t ,
•Declaration of Independence
(1776) – unalienable rights
36
FRONT
BACK
•1st Constitution of the United
States – 1781 - 1787
•Strengths: Northwest Ordinance
of 1787 as a way to create new
states, some federal gov’t
Articles of
Confederation
•Weaknesses: no president or
supreme court, no way to tax,
weak federal gov’t, difficult to
pass laws,
37
FRONT
BACK
•ONLY strength of the Articles of
Confederation
•Established a method for
creating new states and
territories
Northwest
Ordinance
of 1787
•5,000 men = territory
•60,000 citizens = state*
38
FRONT
BACK
•Led by Daniel Shay as a protest
against taxes on corn
Shay’s Rebellion
•Farmers marched on arsenal in
Massachusetts
•Proved that the federal gov’t
under the Articles of
Confederation DID NOT WORK!
39
FRONT
BACK
•May – Sept.
•United States Constitution
written
•Independence Hall,
Philadelphia, PA
1787
•Plan was to revise the Articles
of Confederation
40
Sample Government Question
The phrase, “We the People,” in the
Preamble to the U.S. Constitution
illustrates the idea that government power
comes from its citizens. This idea is called
A. limited government
B. socialism
C. popular sovereignty
D. monarchy
52
FRONT
BACK
•Combination of the Virginia Plan
(large states) and the New
Jersey Plan (small states)
creates
•Bicameral legislature-”two
houses”
Great
Compromise
•Upper House=Senate/2
senators per state
•Lower House=House of
Representatives/representation
based on population of state
41
FRONT
BACK
•Northern states wanted NO
slaves counted for population
3/5ths Compromise
•Southern states wanted all
slaves counted for population
Compromise: slaves would be
counted as 3/5ths of a person for
representation and taxation
42
FRONT
BACK
“We the people of the United
States, in order to form a more
perfect union, establish justice,
ensure domestic tranquility,
provide for the common defense,
promote the general welfare, and
secure the blessings of liberty to
ourselves and our posterity, do
ordain and establish this
constitution for the United States
of America.”
43
•Preamble to the U.S.
Constitution
•Sets out six goals for the
Constitution to accomplish
FRONT
BACK
•Principle of the U.S.
Constitution
Federalism
•Government power is divided
between the national (federal)
and state governments
44
FRONT
BACK
•Principle of the Constitution
Limited
Government
•Government is limited by the
rule of law/Constitution
•Even the rulers (gov’t) have to
follow the rules!
45
•From Magna Carta (1215)
FRONT
BACK
•Principle of the Constitution
•Federal government is divided
into THREE branches, each with
their own defined powers:
Separation of
Powers
•Legislative-Congress
“makes laws”
•Executive-President
“enforces/enacts laws”
•Judicial-Supreme Court
“interprets the laws”
46
FRONT
BACK
•Principle of the Constitution
•Each federal branch of gov’t can
control (“check”) the powers of
the other two branches
Checks and
Balances
•Ex. Congress can pass a law that
can be vetoed by the President; the
President appoints Supreme Court
justices that must be approved by
Congress
47
FRONT
BACK
•Principle of the
Constitution
•Citizens give the
government power through
voting
Popular
Sovereignty
•“People say what the
government can do”
48
FRONT
BACK
•“The Congress shall have
Power - To make all Laws which
shall be necessary and proper”
•Government has the power to
make new laws to govern the
country as new situations arise
with changing times
Elastic Clause
•Ex.
49
FRONT
BACK
•Amend = “change”
•27 Amendments (2012)
•Changes the way government
works OR the rights allowed to
states/individuals
Amending the
Constitution
•2/3rds Congress proposes
and
•3/4ths state legislatures
approve
50
FRONT
BACK
•FOR the Constitution
•Like: Strong federal government
•Led by Alexander Hamilton,
John Jay, James Madison
Federalists
•Wrote the Federalist Papers (85
essays) in support of ratifying
the Constitution
51
FRONT
BACK
•AGAINST the ratification of the
Constitution
•Feared strong federal gov’t
Anti-Federalists
•Wanted a Bill of Rights to
protect citizens
•Led by: Thomas Jefferson,
George Mason, Patrick Henry
52
FRONT
BACK
•Protects citizens’ Individual
FREEDOMS
•Speech
•Religion
•Assembly
•Petition
•Press (John Peter Zenger)
1st Amendment
53
FRONT
BACK
•2nd Amendment – right to bear
arms
Grievances from
Declaration of
Independence
(Amendments)
•3rd Amendment – no quartering
soldiers
•4th Amendment – unreasonable
searches, search warrant
54
FRONT
BACK
•4th Amendment – search and
seizure/search warrants
•5th Amendment – rights cannot
be taken away without due
process = indictment by grand
jury, double jeopardy, selfincrimination
Due Process of
Law
•6th Amendment – fair and
impartial trial by jury of peers,
lawyer
(Amendments)
•8th Amendment – bail, cruel and
usual punishment
55
FRONT
BACK
Civic Virtue
•Actively involving oneself in
government by learning about
our government, voting,
participating in the legal process
when called upon, etc.
•“doing what is best for the
community”
56
FRONT
BACK
•BIRTHRIGHT Citizen = born in
the United States AND/OR
parents who are U.S. citizens
•NATURALIZED Citizen = 18
years old, live in U.S. for 5 years,
good moral character, swear an
oath to the Constitution,
understand U.S. history,
read/write/speak English
Citizenship
57
FRONT
BACK
•Responsibilities = obey laws,
pay taxes, serve on a jury, attend
school, personal and family
support, testify in court, defend
nation
Rights and
Responsibilities of •Rights = vote, stay informed,
about government
U.S. Citizens learn
activities, volunteer to serve in
the military
58
FRONT
BACK
•Names of the first 7 presidents
in order!
•Washington
•Adams
•Jefferson
•Madison
•Monroe
•Adams (John Quincy)
•Jackson
WAJMaMAJ
59
FRONT
BACK
•First president of the United
States
•Set precedents of two terms,
cabinet of advisors, “Mr.
President”
George
Washington
•Dealt with Hamilton’s Economic
Plan, Whiskey Rebellion
•Foreign policy of neutrality
60
FRONT
BACK
•First Secretary of the Treasury
Alexander
Hamilton’s
Economic Plan
•Included FOUR provisions:
•Repay state and federal
debt
•Create a national bank
•Introduce whiskey tax
•Set a protective tariff (tax on
imports) to protect American
industries
•Opposed by Jefferson and
61 Madison
FRONT
BACK
Washington’s
Farewell Address
•“Steer clear of foreign alliances”
(neutrality)
•“Avoid the accumulation of debt”
(stay out of debt)
•Be wary of political parties, as
they will divide the nation
(no political parties)
•Letter from Washington to
citizens on his retirement
62
FRONT
BACK
•2nd President of U.S.
•First Vice-President
John Adams
•Peaceful transition of power,
despite contentious election
•Alien & Sedition Acts =
challenged rights/citizenship of
immigrants
63 •Served one term
FRONT
BACK
•Alien Acts changed citizenship
requirements from 5 years to 14
years and deported citizens of
countries at war with U.S.
Alien & Sedition
Acts
•Sedition Act punished any who
published any criticism of the
government
•GOAL: To decrease the size of
the Democratic-Republican Party
64
FRONT
BACK
•Led by Alexander Hamilton
•Strong central/federal gov’t
Federalist Party
•Loose interpretation of
Constitution
•Economy based on industry
65
FRONT
BACK
•Led by Thomas Jefferson
•Limited federal gov’t/states’
rights
DemocraticRepublican Party
66
•Strict interpretation of
Constitution
•Economy based on agriculture
(agrarian)
•Laissez-faire capitalism/gov’t
not regulate or aid business
FRONT
BACK
•3rd President of the United
States
•Author of Declaration of
Independence
Thomas Jefferson •Democratic-Republican Party
leader
•Acquired Louisiana Purchase
during presidency
67
FRONT
BACK
•Bought from France for $15
million
•Thomas Jefferson, President
•DOUBLED size of the United
States
Louisiana
Purchase
•Gave U.S. New Orleans and
land west of Mississippi R. to
Rocky Mountains
68
•Opened west to expansion
FRONT
BACK
•Meriwether Lewis and William
Clark
•From St. Louis to Pacific Ocean
•Guided by Sacagawea
Lewis & Clark
Expedition
•Goals: Explore Louisiana
Purchase, find water route to
Pacific, bring back scientific and
geographical information
69
FRONT
BACK
•Established the principle of
JUDICIAL REVIEW
•Chief Justice John Marshall
declared that a law can be ruled
unconstitutional
Marbury v.
Madison
•John Marbury sued James
Madison for federal court justice
position
70
FRONT
BACK
•4th President of the United
States
•Presided over the War of 1812
James Madison
•Wrote Bill of Rights
•Known as Father of the
Constitution for his note-taking
during the Constitutional
Convention
71
FRONT
BACK
19th Century
United States
72
FRONT
BACK
Fought between U.S. and Britain
over American sovereignty as a
country
•CAUSES: Impressments of
American sailors by the British
War of 1812
•EFFECTS: U.S. preserved its
independence
73
FRONT
BACK
•Gibbons v Ogden = federal gov’t
can regulate interstate
trade/commerce
Significant Court Cases •McCullough v. Maryland =
based on the “elastic clause,” the
federal gov’t had power to
charter a national bank;
Constitution is “supreme law of
the land” (supremacy clause)
74
FRONT
BACK
•End of party conflict
•Surge of American nationalism
and patriotism/pride
Era of Good
Feelings
•Start of Henry Clay’s American
System = roads and canals
throughout American to build its
infrastructure, including the Erie
Canal
75
FRONT
BACK
•Foreign policy by James
Monroe
Monroe Doctrine
•Europe, stay out of the Western
Hemisphere! (North and South
America
•U.S. would oppose any
attempts by European powers to
establish new colonies or restore
European rule to the Americas
76
FRONT
BACK
•Compromise created by Henry
Clay
•Slavery forbidden in Louisiana
Territory north of the 36*30’ line
of latitude
Missouri
Compromise
•Missouri = Slave
•Maine = FREE
(MO is a slave, but ME is free!)
77
FRONT
BACK
•Era of the Common Man and
expansion of democracy
•Created the ‘spoils system’ (to
the victor goes the spoils)
Andrew Jackson
•“Jacksonian Democracy” =
politics an activity of ordinary
citizens
•7th President of the U.S.
78
FRONT
BACK
•Tariff placed on imports,
angering the South (Tariff of
Abominations)
Nullification Crisis
•S. Carolina argues that a state
can nullify (‘cancel’) an
unconstitutional law and
threatened to secede
•Jackson responds with force
•Henry Clay proposes
79 compromise that lowers the tariff
FRONT
BACK
•Result of Indian Removal Act,
stating that tribes must move
WEST of the Mississippi River
(Oklahoma Territory)
•Five Civilized Tribes –
Chickasaw, Choctaw, Cherokee,
Creek, Seminole
Trail of Tears
•¼ of 16,000 died on trail from
starvation, exposure and disease
80
93
FRONT
BACK
•Belief that America had the
God-given right to extend its
borders to the Pacific Ocean
Manifest Destiny
•Chosen to spread Christianity
and democracy
•Also would provide national
security and new economic
opportunities
81
95
FRONT
BACK
•Movement from homemade to
factory-made industries
•Started in Great Britain
Industrial
Revolution
•Began with Eli Whitney’s cotton
gin, spinning jenny, and steam
engine
•Allowed for rise of factory
system and mass production of
goods
82
FRONT
BACK
•Mass-produced items made in
large quantities in factories,
using standardized designs
Interchangeable
Parts
•All parts are exactly the same,
so can be used on any piece and
replaced
•Made manufacturing easier,
faster, and less costly
83
FRONT
BACK
•Originally made by James Watt
•Made factory machines work
faster
•Used in railroads to move trains
along a track
Steam Engines
•Steamboat = Robert Fulton’s
The Clermont changed
transportation
84
FRONT
BACK
•Part of Henry Clay’s American
System
•Manmade waterway connecting
the Great Lakes with the Hudson
River (New York City)
Erie Canal
•360-mile canal
•Farmers could ship goods
entirely by water
85
FRONT
BACK
•Begun from the Second Great
Awakening
•Belief that each person could
“achieve salvation through good
works”
Reform
Movement
•Included abolition, prison
conditions, mental illness,
education, temperance, and
women’s rights
86
FRONT
BACK
•Movement to end slavery
•Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet
Beecher Stowe, about slavery
conditions, caused outrage
Abolition
•William Lloyd Garrison’s
newspaper, The Liberator, and
speeches by Harriet Tubman,
Frederick Douglass, and
Sojourner Truth contributed to
the movement
87
FRONT
BACK
•Movement to end drinking
alcohol
•Led by Dorothea Dix (also for
prison reform and treatment for
mentally ill
Temperance
•Changed from moderation to
total abstinence from alcoholic
drinks to save health and family
88
FRONT
BACK
•Seneca Falls Convention, New
York 1848
Women’s Rights
•Elizabeth Cady Stanton,
Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony
and others campaigned for
women to be treated fairly and
equally
•Declaration of Sentiments:
called on men not to withhold
women’s rights, property, or right
89 to vote
104
105
106
107
108
109
FRONT
BACK
North vs. South
90
FRONT
BACK
Causes of the
Civil War
91
FRONT
BACK
Jefferson Davis
92
FRONT
BACK
Robert E. Lee
93
FRONT
BACK
Abraham Lincoln
94
FRONT
BACK
Ulysses S. Grant
95
FRONT
BACK
Major Battles of
the Civil War
96
FRONT
BACK
Radical
Reconstruction
97
FRONT
BACK
Moderate
Reconstruction
98
FRONT
BACK
Reconstruction
Amendments
99
FRONT
BACK
Homestead Act
Morrill Act
Dawes Act
100