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CELLS UNIT TEST REVIEW
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List the principles of the cell theory.
All living things are made of cells
Cells are the basic units of structure and f unction
Cells come from preexisting cells
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How can you tell the difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote?
Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus
List an example of a prokaryote.
bacteria
List the functions of the nucleus.
Store DNA
Control center of the cell
Define lysosome.
Organelle that breaks down organelles that are no longer useful
What structures are involved in cell movement?
Microtubules and microfilaments
Describe the path a protein takes in the cell.
Ribosome endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus
Why does diffusion occur?
Molecules constantly move and collide with one another
What is osmosis?
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
What type of particle transport requires input of energy from the cell?
Active transport
List the levels of organization from smallest to largest.
Cell, tissue, organ, organ system
Which organelles are involved in energy conversion?
Mitochondria and chloroplast
When is energy released from ATP?
When a phosphate group is removed
List a few things that are true about ATP?
Consists of adenine, ribose, and phosphate groups
Forms ADP when energy is released
Provides energy for cell functions
What do plants use to gather the sun’s energy?
pigments
What is the stroma?
Space that surrounds the thylakoids
Where in the chloroplast is chlorophyll found?
Thylakoid membrane
Where do light-dependent reactions take place?
Thylakoid membranes
What are the products of the light-dependent reactions?
ATP, O2, NADPH
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The Calvin Cycle is another name for what reaction?
Light-independent reactions
What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?
Light intensity, water, temperature
List the stages of cellular respiration in order.
Glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport
What is released during in cellular respiration?
energy
One molecule of glucose produces how many ATP molecules?
36
Write the equation for cellular respiration using chemical formulas.
6O2 + C6H12O6  6CO2 + 6H20 + energy
What are the reactants for cellular respiration?
Glucose and oxygen
What process of cellular respiration takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell?
glycolysis
How many ATP are gained during glycolysis?
2
What is the starting molecule for glycolysis?
glucose
What molecules act as electron carriers in cellular respiration?
NAD+
Where does lactic acid fermentation occur?
Muscle cells
List the two types of fermentation.
Lactic acid and alcoholic
Why is cellular respiration considered an aerobic process?
Because it requires oxygen
When will the Krebs cycle not occur?
If fermentation happens
What cells perform cellular respiration?
All eukaryotic cells
What occurs as a cell grows larger, with respect to its surface area and
volume?
Volume increases faster than its surface area
What problems does the cell face as it grows?
Places more demands on its DNA
Uses up food and oxygen more quickly
Has trouble moving materials across the cell membrane
What problems do large cells have?
Moving materials in and wastes out
Define cell division.
Process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells
During what phase of cell cycle are chromosomes available?
During cell division
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41.
List the phases of the cell cycle.
G1 S G2 M
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What happens during each phase of the cell cycle?
G1 – growth
S – DNA replicated
G2 – prepares for cell division
M – cell division
When is DNA replicated?
S phase
What occurs during interphase?
Cell grows, made up of phases G1, S and G2
What is the cell cycle?
Series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
Draw a picture of a chromosome. Label the sister chromatids and the
centromere.
centromere
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Chromatids
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During what phases of mitosis are chromosomes visible?
i. Prophase and metaphase
List the phases of mitosis in order of their occurrence.
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
When do chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell?
metaphase
What is the role of the spindle during mitosis?
it helps separate chromosomes
What are the two main staged of cell division?
Mitosis and cytokinesis
If a parent cell has 4 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will each
daughter cell have after mitosis?
4
What happens when cells come into contact with other cells?
Stops growing
What regulates the timing of the cell cycle?
cyclins
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What happens to cells in interphase when they are injected with cytoplasm
from a cell undergoing division?
The cell enters mitosis
What is cancer?
Disorder in which some cells have lost the ability to control their growth
rate
What is a tumor?
Mass of cancer cells
What normally stops cells from growing?
Contact with other cells
What do cyclins do?
Regulate the cell cycle
What is an internal regulator of the cell cycle? Give examples.
Regulates events that take place inside the cell, cyclins
What types of cells does cancer effect?
Multicellular organisms
Draw a diagram of an ATP molecule. Show where energy is stored.
ENERGY STORED
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In that same diagram, understand what parts make up ADP and ATP.
ADP = A, B, and C ATP = A, B, C, and D
What type of cell forms a cell plate?
plants
Be able to identify centrioles and spindle fibers from a diagram.
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Draw the phases of mitosis in the order they occur.
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centrioles
Spindle fibers
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G1
S
Cell division
G2