Biology Final Exam Study Guide
DNA-RNA
Definitions
Genes
Helicase
Non-coding strand
Codon
Chromosomes
DNA polymerase
promoter sequences
anticodon
DNA replication
coding strand
termination sequences
Concepts
Function of DNA / RNA
Structure of DNA / RNA
Nucleic acid, polymers of nucleotides, nitrogenous bases, chromatin proteins
(histones) etc.
Know the DNA/RNA bases and the base pairing rules
Know the process of DNA replication
Know the process of transcription / translation
Where is DNA stored in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes?
Know the 3 types of RNA and where utilized
Know the 3 phases of translation
Know the different types of mutations and how they affect DNA
Cell Division
Definitions
Cell cycle
Cytokinesis
Determination
Ovaries
Germ cells
chromatids
cleavage furrow
differentiation
testes
fertilization
centromere
cell plate
gonads
gamete
Concepts
Binary Fission
– what organisms utilize it / basic process / appearance of daughter cells
Mitosis
– what organisms utilize it / basic process / appearance of daughter cells
Meiosis
– what organisms utilize it / basic process / appearance of daughter cells
Asexual Vs. Sexual reproduction
Know the primary stages of cell division and the basic events during each
Patterns of Inheritance
Definitions
Genetics
Allele
Haploid
Genetic cross
Mendelian genetics
Pleiotropy
classical genetics
genome
zygote
monohybrid cross
multiple alleles
offspring
diploid
fertilization
double factor cross
polygenic inheritance
Concepts
Phenotype vs. genotype
Dominant Vs. Recessive Alleles
Homozygous Vs. heterozygous
Know how to perform a single factor cross in a Punnett square
Co-dominance Vs. Incomplete dominance
Sex chromosomes Vs. autosomes
Autosomal linkage Vs. Sex linkage
How is the sex of the organism determined?
Evolution / Natural Selection
Definitions
Evolution
microevolution
Theory of natural selection
Fitness
spontaneous mutations
Hybrid
penetrance
macroevolution
selecting agents
migration
expressivity
Concepts
What is the major difference between Jean-Baptiste de Lamark’s theory and that
proposed by Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace?
How does natural selection bring about evolution?
What factors affect how a species changes over time?
What factors influence natural selection?
What mechanisms affect genetic diversity of a species?
Understand how certain genes can avoid natural selection.
Understand the processes that drive natural selection.
Understand the three primary patterns of selection (stabilizing, directional,
disruptive).
Hardy-Weinberg Concept
Classification of Organisms
Definitions
Taxonomy
Domain
Class
Genus
Phylogeny
Kingdom
Order
Species
Phylum
Family
Concepts
Binomial system of nomenclature
Know the hierarchy of classification
Know how humans fit into this hierarchy
What types of evidence are utilized to establish phylogenic relationships?